potassium;octadecanoate

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixed metal catalyst prepared similarly to that of Example X, except that sodium stearate was substituted for the potassium stearate and ethyl cellusolve replaced with diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, was employed for the continuous depolymerization of poly(ethylene brassylate) in accordance with the procedure and conditions of Example I. Ethylene brassylate was continuously produced and distilled from the reactor at a rapid rate and the overall yield was 73.2%. Comparable results are obtained with a catalyst comprised of sodium benzoate and aluminum tricellusolve (Al(OCH2CH2OC2H5)3). A mixed metal catalyst prepared similarly to that of Example X

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixed metal catalyst prepared similarly to that of Example X, except that sodium stearate was substituted for the potassium stearate and ethyl cellusolve replaced with diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, was employed for the continuous depolymerization of poly(ethylene brassylate) in accordance with the procedure and conditions of Example I. Ethylene brassylate was continuously produced and distilled from the reactor at a rapid rate and the overall yield was 73.2%. Comparable results are obtained with a catalyst comprised of sodium benzoate and aluminum tricellusolve (Al(OCH2CH2OC2H5)3). A mixed metal catalyst prepared similarly to that of Example X

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Aluminum tripelargonate, obtained by reacting 0.5 mole aluminum isopropoxide and 1.5 mole pelargonic acid at 120° C., was combined with an equimolar amount, based on aluminum, of potassium stearate and the resulting mixed metal catalyst (1.7 weight percent) charged to a reactor with 76 g poly(ethylene brassylate). The depolymerization was conducted in the usual manner. Ethylene brassylate was obtained at a rate of 42 mls/hr. and yield of 89.3%. at 120° C. the resulting mixed metal catalyst (1.7 weight percent)

Conditions: temp:60.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixed ethanolamine-potassium carboxylate surfactant system was formulated by reacting 10 grams of tallow acid (product T1 from Procter and Gamble) with 1.3 grams of ethanolamine in sufficient water in the presence of 40 grams of potassium stearate (Norac Inc.) and 40 grams of potassium carbonate to yield one litre of a viscous, cloudy suspension. FIG. 11 shows the shear viscosity of the suspension for shear rates in the range from 0.1 s−1 to 100 s−1 at temperatures from 25 to 120° C. The viscosity at a given shear rate increased with increasing temperature up to 60° C., whereupon further increases in the temperature caused the viscosity to decrease. The surfactant suspension clarified on heating, yielding a clear viscoelastic solution. At a temperature of 80° C., the surfactant solution generated a viscosity of 105 cP at a shear rate of 100 s−1. to yield one litre of a viscous, cloudy suspension from 25 to 120° C The viscosity at a given shear rate increased whereupon further increases in the temperature on heating yielding a clear viscoelastic solution At a temperature of 80° C.

Conditions: temp:60.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixed ethanolamine-potassium carboxylate surfactant system was formulated by reacting 10 grams of tallow acid (product T1 from Procter and Gamble) with 1.3 grams of ethanolamine in sufficient water in the presence of 40 grams of potassium stearate (Norac Inc.) and 40 grams of potassium carbonate to yield one litre of a viscous, cloudy suspension. FIG. 11 shows the shear viscosity of the suspension for shear rates in the range from 0.1 s−1 to 100 s−1 at temperatures from 25 to 120° C. The viscosity at a given shear rate increased with increasing temperature up to 60° C., whereupon further increases in the temperature caused the viscosity to decrease. The surfactant suspension clarified on heating, yielding a clear viscoelastic solution. At a temperature of 80° C., the surfactant solution generated a viscosity of 105 cP at a shear rate of 100 s−1. to yield one litre of a viscous, cloudy suspension from 25 to 120° C The viscosity at a given shear rate increased whereupon further increases in the temperature on heating yielding a clear viscoelastic solution At a temperature of 80° C.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Repeating Example X, a double metal salt was prepared except that sodium stearate was substituted for the potassium stearate and the ethyl cellusolve was replaced with diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. The resulting double metal salt NaAl(OC2H4OC2H4OC2H5)3 (OOCC17H35) was used as the catalyst for the continuous depolymerization of poly(ethylene brassylate) in accordance with the procedure and conditions of Example I. Ethylene brassylate was continuously produced and distilled from the reactor at a rapid rate and the overall yield was 73.2 percent. Comparable results are obtained using the double metal salt NaAl(OC2H4OC2H5)3 (OOCC6H5) obtained by the reaction of sodium benzoate and aluminum tricellusolve (Al(OC2H4OC2H5)3).

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Aluminum tripelargonate, obtained by reacting 0.5 mole aluminum isopropoxide and 1.5 mole pelargonic acid at 120° C., was combined with an equimolar amount, based on aluminum, of potassium stearate and the resulting mixed metal catalyst (1.7 weight percent) charged to a reactor with 76 grams poly(ethylene brassylate). The depolymerization was conducted in the usual manner. Ethylene brassylate was obtained at a rate of 42 mls/hour and yield of 89.3 percent. at 120° C. the resulting mixed metal catalyst (1.7 weight percent)

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Aluminum tripelargonate, obtained by reacting 0.5 mole aluminum isopropoxide and 1.5 mole pelargonic acid at 120° C., was combined with an equimolar amount, based on aluminum, of potassium stearate and the resulting mixed metal catalyst (1.7 weight percent) charged to a reactor with 76 grams poly(ethylene brassylate). The depolymerization was conducted in the usual manner. Ethylene brassylate was obtained at a rate of 42 mls/hour and yield of 89.3 percent. at 120° C. the resulting mixed metal catalyst (1.7 weight percent)

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: This step is to polymerize a shell part around the core part prepared from the third step. Firstly, 197.5 g of ion exchange water, 117.75 g of methyl methacrylate, 9.25 g of ethyl acrylate and 13.8 g of potassium stearate (in 8 wt % solution) were mixed to prepare a pre-emulsion. To the latex prepared from the third step, the pre-emulsion and 69.2 g of potassium persulfate (in 1 wt % solution) were simultaneously and continuously introduced for 1 hour to carry out the reaction of the shell part. While the temperature in the reactor was kept constantly at 70° C., the reaction was aged for 1 hour to complete the polymerization. The final product had a particle size of 190 nm. to polymerize a shell part around the core part prepared from the third step to prepare a pre-emulsion To the latex prepared from the third step continuously introduced for 1 hour the reaction of the shell part was kept constantly at 70° C. the polymerization

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: In the second precipitation process, a solution of zinc sulfate (0.0163 mol) dissolved in water (100 mL) was added to the mixture of potassium stearate, zinc hydroxide and graphite. This resulted in immediate precipitation of zinc stearate and gave the zinc active mass as a gray precipitate where the zinc stearate, zinc hydroxide and graphite were present as an intimate mixture. This final precipitated mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred for a further 10 minutes. Upon cessation of stirring, the active mass mixture settled as a uniformly gray material with no stratification consistent with a homogenous mass. After cooling to room temperature, this active mass was filtered and washed with water. The active mass was used immediately without drying.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: An esterification reaction mixture (94 g), consisting of butanol (ca., 4.9% w/w), butyl stearate (95.1% w/w), residual stearic acid (trace), residual methanesulfonic acid catalyst (1383 ppm) and undesired butyl methanesulfonate (613 ppm) was treated with 45% aqueous KOH (229 mg, 1.84 mmol as compared to 1.74 mmol MSA originally charged to the reaction). The resulting mixture was heating at 50° C. for 40 minutes. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory or explanation, it is believed that reaction of butyl stearate with KOH produced potassium stearate, which retains significant solubility in the butyl stearate medium. The formed potassium stearate then reacted with butyl methanesulfonate to produce potassium methanesulfonate and butyl stearate. After filtration of the by-product solid salts (0.6325 g), analysis of the mixture by gas chromatography revealed only 300 ppm unreacted butyl methanesulfonate, a 51% reduction.

Conditions: temp:50.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: An esterification reaction mixture (94 g), consisting of butanol (ca., 4.9% w/w), butyl stearate (95.1% w/w), residual stearic acid (trace), residual methanesulfonic acid catalyst (1383 ppm) and undesired butyl methanesulfonate (613 ppm) was treated with 45% aqueous KOH (229 mg, 1.84 mmol as compared to 1.74 mmol MSA originally charged to the reaction). The resulting mixture was heating at 50° C. for 40 minutes. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory or explanation, it is believed that reaction of butyl stearate with KOH produced potassium stearate, which retains significant solubility in the butyl stearate medium. The formed potassium stearate then reacted with butyl methanesulfonate to produce potassium methanesulfonate and butyl stearate. After filtration of the by-product solid salts (0.6325 g), analysis of the mixture by gas chromatography revealed only 300 ppm unreacted butyl methanesulfonate, a 51% reduction. originally charged to the reaction)