pentanenitrile

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 12.7 g (76.7 mmol) sample of ethyl valerimidate hydrochloride (prepared from valeronitrile, ethanol, and hydrogen chloride gas as described by A. J. Hill and I. Rabinowitz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1926, 48, 734) was dissolved in 33% (w/w) potassium carbonate solution (made by dissolving 15 g of K2CO3 in 30 mL of H2O) and immediately extracted with either (3×40 mL). The combined ether layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 7.09 g (72%) of the product as a clear oil, which was used directly in the next step. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, ppm): δ0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 1.31 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H), 2.19 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (br s, 1H). immediately extracted with either (3×40 mL) The combined ether layers were dried over Na2SO4 filtered concentrated in vacuo

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 12.7 g (76.7 mmol) sample of ethyl valerimidate hydrochloride (prepared from valeronitrile, ethanol, and hydrogen chloride gas as described by A. J. Hill and I. Rabinowitz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1926, 48, 734) was dissolved in 33% (w/w) potassium carbonate solution (made by dissolving 15 g of K2CO3 in 30 mL of H2O) and immediately extracted with either (3×40 mL). The combined ether layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 7.09 g (72%) of the product as a clear oil, which was used directly in the next step. immediately extracted with either (3×40 mL) The combined ether layers were dried over Na2SO4 filtered concentrated in vacuo

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 12.7 g (76.7 mmol) sample of ethyl valerimidate hydrochloride (prepared from valeronitrile, ethanol, and hydrogen chloride gas as described by A. J. Hill and I. Rabinowitz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1926, 48, 734) was dissolved in 33% (w/w) potassium carbonate solution (made by dissolving 15 g of K2CO3 in 30 mL of H2O) and immediately extracted with either (3×40 mL). The combined ether layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 7.09 g (72%) of the product as a clear oil, which was used directly in the next step. immediately extracted with either (3×40 mL) The combined ether layers were dried over Na2SO4 filtered concentrated in vacuo

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixture of approximately 70 weight percent cis-2-pentenenitrile, 14 weight percent 2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, 4 weight percent 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, with cyclohexane, benzene, and valeronitrile making up the balance, was reacted with 29 weight percent aqueous ammonia (at 15 percent molar excess relative to cis-2-pentenenitrile) in a stirred batch reactor at about 90° to 100° C., at an autogeneous pressure of about 60 to 118 psig, for approximately ten hours Vacuum distillation of the crude reaction mixture to remove low boiling impurities and water resulted in 91% selectivity to 3-aminopentanenitrile at 97% conversion of the starting cis-2-pentenenitrile Vacuum distillation of the crude reaction mixture to remove low boiling impurities and water

Conditions: temp:5.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 10 gallon, glass-lined fixed reactor was charged with 7.0 kg (84.6 mol) of valeronitrile and 2.96 kg (92.2 mol, 1.1 eq) of methanol. The solution was stirred with cooling to about 5° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. A flow of hydrogen chloride gas from a gas cylinder was bubbled into the solution below the surface of the mixture at a rate such that the reaction temperature did not exceed 15° C. After about one hour, 3.67 kg (101 tool, 1.19 eq) of hydrogen chloride had been disbursed from the gas cylinder and addition was stopped. Stirring was continued for an additional 18 h at 0° C. Tert-butyl methyl ether (9.7 kg) was added to the suspension and stirring was continued for 3 h at 0° C. The slurry was then centrifuged under an atmosphere of nitrogen. After drying overnight under nitrogen and for several hours under reduced pressure at ambient temperature the product weighed 9.66 kg (76% yield uncorrected for purity) and had amp of 91°-92° C. The crude product was hygroscopic and was stored in sealed bottles under nitrogen at -5° C. A flow of hydrogen chloride gas from a gas cylinder was bubbled into the solution below the surface of the mixture at a rate such that the reaction temperature did not exceed 15° C Stirring was continued for an additional 18 h at 0° C stirring was continued for 3 h at 0° C After drying overnight under nitrogen and for several hours under reduced pressure at ambient temperature the product amp of 91°-92° C was stored in sealed bottles under nitrogen at -5° C.

Conditions: temp:5.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 10 gallon, glass-lined fixed reactor was charged with 7.0 kg (84.6 mol) of valeronitrile and 2.96 kg (92.2 mol, 1.1 eq) of methanol. The solution was stirred with cooling to about 5° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. A flow of hydrogen chloride gas from a gas cylinder was bubbled into the solution below the surface of the mixture at a rate such that the reaction temperature did not exceed 15° C. After about one hour, 3.67 kg (101 tool, 1.19 eq) of hydrogen chloride had been disbursed from the gas cylinder and addition was stopped. Stirring was continued for an additional 18 h at 0° C. Tert-butyl methyl ether (9.7 kg) was added to the suspension and stirring was continued for 3 h at 0° C. The slurry was then centrifuged under an atmosphere of nitrogen. After drying overnight under nitrogen and for several hours under reduced pressure at ambient temperature the product weighed 9.66 kg (76% yield uncorrected for purity) and had amp of 91°-92° C. The crude product was hygroscopic and was stored in sealed bottles under nitrogen at -5° C. A flow of hydrogen chloride gas from a gas cylinder was bubbled into the solution below the surface of the mixture at a rate such that the reaction temperature did not exceed 15° C Stirring was continued for an additional 18 h at 0° C stirring was continued for 3 h at 0° C After drying overnight under nitrogen and for several hours under reduced pressure at ambient temperature the product amp of 91°-92° C was stored in sealed bottles under nitrogen at -5° C.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 12.7 g (76.7 mmol) sample of ethyl valerimidate hydrochloride (prepared from valeronitrile, ethanol, and hydrogen chloride gas as described by A. J. Hill and I. Rabinowitz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1926, 48, 734) was dissolved in 33% (w/w) potassium carbonate solution (made by dissolving 15 g of K2CO3 in 30 mL of H2O) and immediately extracted with either (3×40 mL). The combined ether layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 7.09 g (72%) of the product as a clear oil, which was used directly in the next step. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, ppm): δ0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 1.31 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H), 2.19 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (br s, 1H). immediately extracted with either (3×40 mL) The combined ether layers were dried over Na2SO4 filtered concentrated in vacuo

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 12.7 g (76.7 mmol) sample of ethyl valerimidate hydrochloride (prepared from valeronitrile, ethanol, and hydrogen chloride gas as described by A. J. Hill and I. Rabinowitz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1926, 48, 734) was dissolved in 33% (w/w) potassium carbonate solution (made by dissolving 15 g of K2CO3 in 30 mL of H2O) and immediately extracted with either (3×40 mL). The combined ether layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 7.09 g (72%) of the product as a clear oil, which was used directly in the next step. immediately extracted with either (3×40 mL) The combined ether layers were dried over Na2SO4 filtered concentrated in vacuo

Conditions: temp:0.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a tared solution of valeronitrile (92.0 g, 1.08 mole) in absolute ethanol (64 ml, 1.08 mole) in a 1-liter round bottom flask cooled to 0° C. The flask was weighed periodically and hydrogen chloride gas bubbling was continued until the weight gain was greater than 39 g (1.08 mole). The mixture was then stoppered and stored at 0° C. for 6 days. Ether (650 mi) was then added (cold) and the mixture was stored at -30° C. for 24 hours. The resulting solid was collected on a buchner funnel, transferred quickly to a large beaker, triturated quickly with cold ether, and collected again on a buchner funnel. The solid was then dried in vacuum to give the title F compound as a free flowing white solid (95 g). hydrogen chloride gas bubbling Ether (650 mi) was then added (cold) the mixture was stored at -30° C. for 24 hours The resulting solid was collected on a buchner funnel triturated quickly with cold ether collected again on a buchner funnel The solid was then dried in vacuum to give the title F compound as