1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A benzylidenecyanoacetate-capped PLURACOL HP1250D was made as described in Example 1. An adhesive composition was made by mixing 39.25 weight percent of the benzylidenecyanoacetate-capped PLURACOL HP1250D, 39.25 weight percent vinyl toluene, 4.00 weight percent of the reaction product of caprolactone, phosphorus pentoxide and 2-hydroxyethylacrylate (commercially available from Nippon Kayaku Co. under the trade designation KAYAMER PM 21), 3.00 weight percent divinyl benzene, 1.40 weight percent diisopropanol-p-toluidine, 0.60 weight percent dimethyl aniline and 5.00 weight percent silica to form side A. 7.50 weight percent benzoyl peroxide initiator then was mixed with side A and immediately thereafter the resulting adhesive was applied to five steel coupons that were bonded together to form lap shear joints as per ASTM D-1002-94. The lap shear joints were allowed to fully cure overnight and then tested according to ASTM D-1002-94. The joints exhibited an average strength of 1241 psi and an adhesive failure mode (in other words, the adhesive failed before any destruction of the steel). Weight percents are based on the total amount of sides A and B.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A monomer composition for core consisting of 78 parts of styrene and 22 parts of n-butyl acrylate (giving a copolymer having a calculated glass transition temperature of 50° C.), 7 parts of carbon black (`Printex 150T` trade name; produced by Degussa AG), 1 part of charge control agent (`Aizen Spilon Black TRH` trade name, produced by HODOGAYA Chemical Co.), 0.3 part of divinylbenzene, 0.8 part of poly-methacrylate macromonomer (`AA6` trade name, glass transition temperature of 94° C., produced by TOA GOUSEI Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.), and 10 parts of penta-erythritol-tetra-stearate were dispersed with a homo mixer(TK Type, produced by TOKUSHUKIKAKOU Co.) of 12,000 rpm to obtain a core monomer mixture. giving a copolymer produced by Degussa AG), 1 part of charge control agent (`Aizen Spilon Black TRH` trade name produced by HODOGAYA Chemical Co

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A monomer composition consisting of 78 parts of styrene and 22 parts of butyl acrylate (giving a copolymer having a calculated glass transition temperature of 50 degrees centigrade), 7 parts of carbon black (`Printex 150T` trade name; produced by Degussa AG), 1 part of charge control agent (`Aizen Spilon Black TRH` trade name, produced by HODOGAYA Chemical Co.), 0.3 part of divinylbenzene, and 0.5 part of poly-methacrylate macro-monomer (`AA6` trade name, glass transition temperature of 94 degrees centigrade, produced by TOA GOUSEI Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.) were dispersed in a ball mill at room temperature to obtain a core monomer mixture. giving a copolymer produced by Degussa AG), 1 part of charge control agent (`Aizen Spilon Black TRH` trade name produced by HODOGAYA Chemical Co

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A series of phenol aralkylation polymers were prepared as follows. An intial DVB/resorcinol polymer was prepared using resorcinol and divinyl benzene (DVB) at a resorcinol:DVB mole ratio of about 2:1. A commercial DVB source containing a 63 wt. % DVB and 37 wt. % EVB mixture was used. The resorcinol was melted at a temperature from 140° to 170° C. in a 250 ml beaker. Methane sulfonic acid [70% MSA--0.0002 mol per mol or resorcinol] was added to the reactor as the aralkylation catalyst. The DVB then was added over five minutes. Thereafter, the resulting DVB-resorcinol polymer was further reacted with varying levels of para-tert-butylstyrene (p-tBS)(0; 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 mole per mole of resorcinol), added over five minutes. The reaction was continued for 10 minutes at 180° C. and then the polymer was cast onto aluminum foil. was melted at a temperature from 140° to 170° C. in a 250 ml beaker added over five minutes

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 10 μm-thick nonwoven fabric made of polyethylene (PE) was prepared. Then, divinylbenzene and lithium (Li) styrenesulfonate were impregnated in the fabric and then heated for thermal polymerization, resulting in formation of a thin-film of 10 μm thick with a copolymer of sulfonyl group-owning styrene and divinylbenzene being impregnated in the nonwoven fabric. This was cut into a portion having the cell size, which was then put on the EC layer. was prepared heated for thermal polymerization

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: In a 500 ml flat bottomed flask, 50 ml (52.2 g) N-methylpyrrolidone and 50 ml divinyl benzene (80%) are combined at a temperature of 70° C. with stirring. Ten grams of LiCl and 80 mg methylhydroquinone are added to the solution. Subsequently, 50 g sodium styrene sulfonate (81%) are added to the solution forming a suspension, and the reaction allowed to proceed at 70°-80° C. for one hour. The LiCl reacts with the suspended sodium styrene sulfonate to form lithium styrene sulfonate and insoluble NaCl. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature, and insoluble materials (NaCl and unreacted insoluble sodium styrene sulfonate) are removed by filtration. A brown, clear filtrate (121 g) is obtained for use in membrane synthesis. forming a suspension

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: In this Example a USP grade nicotinamide product was recovered from a crude nicotinamide product medium. The crude contained 39.7% nicotinamide, 2.15% sodium nicotinate and 0.14% 3-cyanopyridine. These and all other percentages given in this Example are percentages by weight unless indicated otherwise. The total sodium content of the medium was 0.38%. On a dry basis, the reaction crude contained 93.7% nicotinamide, 5.07% sodium nicotinate, 0.33% 3-cyanopyridine, and 0.9% total sodium. Cation and weak base resins were utilized in the recovery process. The cation exchange resin was Dowex Marathon C, a sulfonated copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene (gel form). The weak base resin was Dowex Marathon WBA, a dimethylamine-functionalized chloromethylated copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene (macroporous form with a monodisperse size distribution). After washing with deionized water, these resins were loaded into columns each having an inner diameter of 15 mm and a height of 30 cm, leaving about 1.5 inches head space at the top of the columns. The reaction crude was then successively treated over the cation-exchange resin (at 28 ml/min), the weak base resin (20 ml/min), the cation-exchange resin (28 ml/min), and the weak base resin (20 ml/min). The cation-exchange resin was regenerated after every ten bed volumes of reaction crude, by a cycle that included a water wash (20 ml/min, 1.25 bed volumes), a 12% sulfuric acid strip (7 ml/min, 1 bed volume), and another water wash (20 ml/min, 1.25 bed volumes). The weak base resin was regenerated after every five bed volumes of reaction crude, by a cycle including a water wash (20 ml/min, 1.6 bed volumes), a 4% sodium hydroxide strip (20 ml/min, 1 bed volume), and another water wash (2.6 bed volumes). The feeds were analyzed by HPLC after the first pass cation-exchange and weak base, and second pass cation-exchange and weak base. Typical results from such experiments are presented in Table 1 below, top. The lower section of Table 1 gives a typical product analysis on a water free basis. The extreme right hand column of Table 1 sets out the results of an analysis of the product after recovery by evaporation (no crystallization performed). As can be seen, this processing reduced the 0.9% initial sodium to an undetectable level, and the initial 5.07% nicotinate to 0.13% (as nicotinic acid) on a dry weight basis, providing a USP grade nicotinamide. On a dry basis, the reaction crude After washing with deionized water a height of 30 cm, leaving about 1.5 inches The reaction crude was then successively treated over the cation-exchange resin (at 28 ml/min) after every ten bed volumes of reaction crude wash (20 ml/min, 1.25 bed volumes) a 12% sulfuric acid strip (7 ml/min, 1 bed volume), and another water wash (20 ml/min, 1.25 bed volumes) after every five bed volumes of reaction crude wash (20 ml/min, 1.6 bed volumes) a 4% sodium hydroxide strip (20 ml/min, 1 bed volume), and another water wash (2.6 bed volumes) Typical results from such experiments results of an analysis of the product after recovery by evaporation ( no crystallization

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Many other additives were examined in the BF3.OEt2-catalyzed polymerization reactions of the Norway fish oil (Table 16). The copolymerization of furfural, divinylbenzene, and the Norway fish oil produced very hard, dark-colored thermosets in excellent overall mass recoveries (entries 2-4). Interestingly, p-benzoquinone and divinylbenzene polymerized with the Norway fish oil violently at room temperature to produce dark-colored polymeric materials (entries 7-10). The most interesting material was produced when 20% divinylbenzene and 10% p-mentha-1,8-diene were polymerized with the Norway fish oil using 5 weight percent BF3.OEt2 (entry 11). This reaction produced a very hard, shiny, dark-brown thermoset after being heated at 60° C. for one day and then 110° C. for 2 days. Furan and divinylbenzene were copolymerized with the Norway fish oil to produce very firm, dark-colored thermosets that were resistant to applied pressure (entries 13, 14). the Norway fish oil produced very hard to produce dark-colored polymeric materials (entries 7-10)

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Norbornadiene and divinylbenzene were thermoset in the presence of conjugated soybean oil to give glossy, rubbery, brown solids (Table 7). These thermosets had excellent properties, i.e., no oily phases in the thermoset, little blooming of oils, and no significant decomposition over time in air when the boron catalyst ratio was at least 2% by weight. The higher the ratio of divinylbenzene, the harder the thermoset was (Table 7, entry 5). The lower concentrations of divinylbenzene gave a more rubbery material (entry 3). These thermosets have a tendency to continue the curing process at room temperature over time. Most samples studied with higher concentrations of divinylbenzene became more rigid over a period of months. The use of 1% boron trifluoride catalyst still gave materials with very desirable properties. Conjugated soybean oil with 1% catalyst and 10% each of norbornadiene and divinylbenzene by weight gave a solid that was brown in color, glossy, and slightly rubbery in nature (entry 16). The thermosets with divinylbenzene used alone (Table 8) gave hard, glossy, brown solids when the divinylbenzene content was 15% or higher (entries 3-6). at room temperature became more rigid over a period of months

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: In the same apparatus and procedures as EXAMPLE 1, 18.5 g (0.084 mole) of 3-(phenyl)-1,1-dichloro-1-silabutane and 90 μl of 1% chloroplatinic acid solution in isopropanol were placed and then 5.0 g (0.038 mole) of divinylbenzene was added dropwise for 10 min. The solution was reacted for 6 hours at room temperature under the dry nitrogen atmosphere. Vacuum distillation gave 15.2 g (186°-188° C./0.03 mmHg) of bis{(2-phenylpropyl)dichlorosilyl}diethylbenzene in 70.4% yield. The solution was reacted for 6 hours at room temperature under the dry nitrogen atmosphere Vacuum distillation

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: In the same apparatus and procedures as EXAMPLE 1, 18.5 g (0.084 mole) of 3-(phenyl)-1,1-dichloro-1-silabutane and 90 μl of 1% chloroplatinic acid solution in isopropanol were placed and then 5.0 g (0.038 mole) of divinylbenzene was added dropwise for 10 min. The solution was reacted for 6 hours at room temperature under the dry nitrogen atmosphere. Vacuum distillation gave 15.2 g (186°-188° C./0.03 mmHg) of bis{(2-phenylpropyl)dichlorosilyl}diethylbenzene in 70.4% yield. The solution was reacted for 6 hours at room temperature under the dry nitrogen atmosphere Vacuum distillation