1,2-dichloro-3,4-dimethylbenzene

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (Rongalite™) (180 g; 1.17 mol) was suspended in DMSO (400 mL) and left to stir for 10 min. before dichloro-o-xylene (102.5 g; 0.59 mol), potassium carbonate (121.4 g; 0.88 mol) and sodium iodide (1.1 g; 7 mmol) were added consecutively. More DMSO (112 mL) was used to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole was allowed to stir at room temperature. The initial endothermic reaction became mildly exothermic after around 1 h causing the internal temperature to rise to ca. 32-33° C. The reaction was followed by TLC (ethyl acetate/hexane, 50:50) and found to be complete after 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 400 mL) and the solids were filtered off, and washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL). The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel and brine (1 L) was added. This caused more sodium chloride from the product mixture to precipitate out. The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride. The mixture was shaken and the organic layer was separated and then the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL, 150 mL, 250 mL). The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) and rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.). More solvent was removed under high vacuum to give the sultine 10 as a pale orange liquid (126 g) that was found by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be relatively free of by-product but containing residual DMSO and ethyl acetate (FIG. 1). left were added consecutively to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole The initial endothermic reaction to rise to ca. 32-33° C to be complete after 3 h the solids were filtered off washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL) The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel brine (1 L) was added to precipitate out The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride The mixture was shaken the organic layer was separated the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL, 150 mL, 250 mL) The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.) More solvent was removed under high vacuum

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution of γ-valerolactam (7 g, 70.5 mmol) in THF (150 mL) and DMSO (20 mL) was treated with Nail (2.83 g of a 60% oil dispersion) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After a total of 15 min, α,α(-dichloro-o-xylene (25 g, 140 mmol) was added and the solution was allowed to warm and stir at room temperature. After 4 h, 100 mL of ether and 100 mL of 0.2N HCl were added. The water was withdrawn, and the organic layer was washed 2× more with water, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. This material was purified on ca. 400 g of silica gel (flash chromatography; EtOAc/hexane 7:3) to yield N-[2-(chloromethyl)benzyl]-γ-valerolactam (6.6 g, 40%). 1H NMR and mass spectral analysis supported the assigned structure. A solution of this lactam (5.0 g, 21.09 mmol), 2-(isopropoxy)phenylpiperazine fumarate (6.38 g, 18.99 mmol), and triethylamine (8.82 mL, 62.37 mmol)in DMF (75 mL) was heated for 3 h at 50°-60° C. After 3 h, the solution was added to a 3:1 solution of ether/ethyl acetate (ca. 100 mL) and extracted 3× with water, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. The residual oil was purified on ca. 400 g of silica gel (flash chromatography, EtOAc/hexane, 6:4) to give 5.41 g of white semi-solid, pure by thin layer chromatography. It was then dissolved in iPrOH, filtered through a Millipore filter, treated with 2.44 mL of conc. aqueous HCl (ca. 26 mmol), and then triturated out of solution by the addition of ether. The resultant white solid was recrystallized in MeOH/ether to give 1-[[2-[[1-[2-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-4-piperazinyl]methyl]phenyl]methyl]-piperidin-2-one hydrochloride (3:2) as a white powder (5.50 g, 61%), m.p. 249.5°-252.5° C. 1H NMR and mass spectral analysis supported the assigned structure. After a total of 15 min was added to warm The water was withdrawn the organic layer was washed 2× more with water dried (MgSO4) filtered concentrated This material was purified on ca. 400 g of silica gel (flash chromatography; EtOAc/hexane 7:3)

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution of γ-valerolactam (7 g, 70.5 mmol) in THF (150 mL) and DMSO (20 mL) was treated with Nail (2.83 g of a 60% oil dispersion) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After a total of 15 min, α,α(-dichloro-o-xylene (25 g, 140 mmol) was added and the solution was allowed to warm and stir at room temperature. After 4 h, 100 mL of ether and 100 mL of 0.2N HCl were added. The water was withdrawn, and the organic layer was washed 2× more with water, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. This material was purified on ca. 400 g of silica gel (flash chromatography; EtOAc/hexane 7:3) to yield N-[2-(chloromethyl)benzyl]-γ-valerolactam (6.6 g, 40%). 1H NMR and mass spectral analysis supported the assigned structure. A solution of this lactam (5.0 g, 21.09 mmol), 2-(isopropoxy)phenylpiperazine fumarate (6.38 g, 18.99 mmol), and triethylamine (8.82 mL, 62.37 mmol)in DMF (75 mL) was heated for 3 h at 50°-60° C. After 3 h, the solution was added to a 3:1 solution of ether/ethyl acetate (ca. 100 mL) and extracted 3× with water, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. The residual oil was purified on ca. 400 g of silica gel (flash chromatography, EtOAc/hexane, 6:4) to give 5.41 g of white semi-solid, pure by thin layer chromatography. It was then dissolved in iPrOH, filtered through a Millipore filter, treated with 2.44 mL of conc. aqueous HCl (ca. 26 mmol), and then triturated out of solution by the addition of ether. The resultant white solid was recrystallized in MeOH/ether to give 1-[[2-[[1-[2-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-4-piperazinyl]methyl]phenyl]methyl]-piperidin-2-one hydrochloride (3:2) as a white powder (5.50 g, 61%), m.p. 249.5°-252.5° C. 1H NMR and mass spectral analysis supported the assigned structure. After a total of 15 min was added to warm The water was withdrawn the organic layer was washed 2× more with water dried (MgSO4) filtered concentrated This material was purified on ca. 400 g of silica gel (flash chromatography; EtOAc/hexane 7:3)

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (Rongalite™) (180 g; 1.17 mol) was suspended in DMSO (400 mL) and left to stir for 10 min. before dichloro-o-xylene (102.5 g; 0.59 mol), potassium carbonate (121.4 g; 0.88 mol) and sodium iodide (1.1 g; 7 mmol) were added consecutively. More DMSO (112 mL) was used to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole was allowed to stir at room temperature. The initial endothermic reaction became mildly exothermic after around 1 h causing the internal temperature to rise to ca. 32-33° C. The reaction as followed by TLC (ethyl acetate/hexane, 50:50) and found to be complete after 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 400 mL) and the solids were filtered off, and washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL). The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel and brine (1 L) was added. This caused more sodium chloride from the product mixture to precipitate out. The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride. The mixture was shaken and the organic layer was separated and then the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL), 150 mL, 250 mL). The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) and rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.). More solvent was removed under high vacuum to give the sultine 10 as a pale orange liquid (126 g) that was found by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be relatively free of by-product but containing residual DMSO and ethyl acetate (FIG. 1). left were added consecutively to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole The initial endothermic reaction to rise to ca. 32-33° C The reaction to be complete after 3 h the solids were filtered off washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL) The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel brine (1 L) was added to precipitate out The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride The mixture was shaken the organic layer was separated the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL), 150 mL, 250 mL) The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.) More solvent was removed under high vacuum

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (Rongalite™) (180 g; 1.17 mol) was suspended in DMSO (400 mL) and left to stir for 10 min. before dichloro-o-xylene (102.5 g; 0.59 mol), potassium carbonate (121.4 g; 0.88 mol) and sodium iodide (1.1 g; 7 mmol) were added consecutively. More DMSO (112 mL) was used to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole was allowed to stir at room temperature. The initial endothermic reaction became mildly exothermic after around 1 h causing the internal temperature to rise to ca. 32-33° C. The reaction as followed by TLC (ethyl acetate/hexane, 50:50) and found to be complete after 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 400 mL) and the solids were filtered off, and washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL). The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel and brine (1 L) was added. This caused more sodium chloride from the product mixture to precipitate out. The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride. The mixture was shaken and the organic layer was separated and then the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL), 150 mL, 250 mL). The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) and rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.). More solvent was removed under high vacuum to give the sultine 10 as a pale orange liquid (126 g) that was found by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be relatively free of by-product but containing residual DMSO and ethyl acetate (FIG. 1). left were added consecutively to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole The initial endothermic reaction to rise to ca. 32-33° C The reaction to be complete after 3 h the solids were filtered off washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL) The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel brine (1 L) was added to precipitate out The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride The mixture was shaken the organic layer was separated the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL), 150 mL, 250 mL) The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.) More solvent was removed under high vacuum

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (Rongalite™) (180 g; 1.17 mol) was suspended in DMSO (400 mL) and left to stir for 10 min. before dichloro-o-xylene (102.5 g; 0.59 mol), potassium carbonate (121.4 g; 0.88 mol) and sodium iodide (1.1 g; 7 mmol) were added consecutively. More DMSO (112 mL) was used to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole was allowed to stir at room temperature. The initial endothermic reaction became mildly exothermic after around 1 h causing the internal temperature to rise to ca. 32-33° C. The reaction as followed by TLC (ethyl acetate/hexane, 50:50) and found to be complete after 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 400 mL) and the solids were filtered off, and washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL). The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel and brine (1 L) was added. This caused more sodium chloride from the product mixture to precipitate out. The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride. The mixture was shaken and the organic layer was separated and then the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL), 150 mL, 250 mL). The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) and rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.). More solvent was removed under high vacuum to give the sultine 10 as a pale orange liquid (126 g) that was found by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be relatively free of by-product but containing residual DMSO and ethyl acetate (FIG. 1). left were added consecutively to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole The initial endothermic reaction to rise to ca. 32-33° C The reaction to be complete after 3 h the solids were filtered off washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL) The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel brine (1 L) was added to precipitate out The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride The mixture was shaken the organic layer was separated the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL), 150 mL, 250 mL) The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.) More solvent was removed under high vacuum

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (Rongalite™) (180 g; 1.17 mol) was suspended in DMSO (400 mL) and left to stir for 10 min. before dichloro-o-xylene (102.5 g; 0.59 mol), potassium carbonate (121.4 g; 0.88 mol) and sodium iodide (1.1 g; 7 mmol) were added consecutively. More DMSO (112 mL) was used to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole was allowed to stir at room temperature. The initial endothermic reaction became mildly exothermic after around 1 h causing the internal temperature to rise to ca. 32-33° C. The reaction was followed by TLC (ethyl acetate/hexane, 50:50) and found to be complete after 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 400 mL) and the solids were filtered off, and washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL). The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel and brine (1 L) was added. This caused more sodium chloride from the product mixture to precipitate out. The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride. The mixture was shaken and the organic layer was separated and then the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL, 150 mL, 250 mL). The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) and rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.). More solvent was removed under high vacuum to give the sultine 10 as a pale orange liquid (126 g) that was found by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be relatively free of by-product but containing residual DMSO and ethyl acetate (FIG. 1). left were added consecutively to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole The initial endothermic reaction to rise to ca. 32-33° C to be complete after 3 h the solids were filtered off washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL) The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel brine (1 L) was added to precipitate out The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride The mixture was shaken the organic layer was separated the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL, 150 mL, 250 mL) The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.) More solvent was removed under high vacuum

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (Rongalite™) (180 g; 1.17 mol) was suspended in DMSO (400 mL) and left to stir for 10 min. before dichloro-o-xylene (102.5 g; 0.59 mol), potassium carbonate (121.4 g; 0.88 mol) and sodium iodide (1.1 g; 7 mmol) were added consecutively. More DMSO (112 mL) was used to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole was allowed to stir at room temperature. The initial endothermic reaction became mildly exothermic after around 1 h causing the internal temperature to rise to ca. 32-33° C. The reaction was followed by TLC (ethyl acetate/hexane, 50:50) and found to be complete after 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 400 mL) and the solids were filtered off, and washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL). The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel and brine (1 L) was added. This caused more sodium chloride from the product mixture to precipitate out. The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride. The mixture was shaken and the organic layer was separated and then the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL, 150 mL, 250 mL). The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) and rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.). More solvent was removed under high vacuum to give the sultine 10 as a pale orange liquid (126 g) that was found by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be relatively free of by-product but containing residual DMSO and ethyl acetate (FIG. 1). left were added consecutively to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole The initial endothermic reaction to rise to ca. 32-33° C to be complete after 3 h the solids were filtered off washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL) The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel brine (1 L) was added to precipitate out The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride The mixture was shaken the organic layer was separated the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL, 150 mL, 250 mL) The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.) More solvent was removed under high vacuum

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (Rongalite™) (180 g; 1.17 mol) was suspended in DMSO (400 mL) and left to stir for 10 min. before dichloro-o-xylene (102.5 g; 0.59 mol), potassium carbonate (121.4 g; 0.88 mol) and sodium iodide (1.1 g; 7 mmol) were added consecutively. More DMSO (112 mL) was used to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole was allowed to stir at room temperature. The initial endothermic reaction became mildly exothermic after around 1 h causing the internal temperature to rise to ca. 32-33° C. The reaction was followed by TLC (ethyl acetate/hexane, 50:50) and found to be complete after 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 400 mL) and the solids were filtered off, and washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL). The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel and brine (1 L) was added. This caused more sodium chloride from the product mixture to precipitate out. The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride. The mixture was shaken and the organic layer was separated and then the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL, 150 mL, 250 mL). The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) and rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.). More solvent was removed under high vacuum to give the sultine 10 as a pale orange liquid (126 g) that was found by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be relatively free of by-product but containing residual DMSO and ethyl acetate (FIG. 1). left were added consecutively to rinse residual materials into the reaction mixture before the whole The initial endothermic reaction to rise to ca. 32-33° C to be complete after 3 h the solids were filtered off washed with more methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 100 mL, 2×50 mL) The filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel brine (1 L) was added to precipitate out The addition of water (200 mL) redissolved the sodium chloride The mixture was shaken the organic layer was separated the aqueous layer was extracted further with methanol/ethyl acetate (20:80; 200 mL, 150 mL, 250 mL) The combined extracts were dried (Na2SO4) rotary evaporated (bath 37-38° C.) More solvent was removed under high vacuum