ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To a stirring suspension of ethyl-2-cyano-2-phenylacetate (10.34 g) and benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride (14.87 g) in ethanol (200 ml) at room temperature was added triethylamine (21.27 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield the crude material as a brown oil. This was re-dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 ml) and washed with water (2×75 ml), then dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield a pale brown oil. This was recrystallised from methanol to yield the title product as pale yellow crystals (2.5 g, ca. 20%) The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield the crude material as a brown oil washed with water (2×75 ml) dried (MgSO4) the solvent removed in vacuo to yield a pale brown oil This was recrystallised from methanol

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To a stirring suspension of ethyl-2-cyano-2-phenylacetate (10.34 g) and benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride (14.87 g) in ethanol (200 ml) at room temperature was added triethylamine (21.27 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield the crude material as a brown oil. This was re-dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 ml) and washed with water (2×75 ml), then dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield a pale brown oil. This was recrystallised from methanol to yield the title product as pale yellow crystals (2.5 g, ca. 20%) The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield the crude material as a brown oil washed with water (2×75 ml) dried (MgSO4) the solvent removed in vacuo to yield a pale brown oil This was recrystallised from methanol

Conditions: temp:40.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To a solution of sodium hydride (24.5 g, 1.02 mol) in THF was added benzyl cyanide (50.0 g, 0.426 mol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at the same temperature. Diethyl carbonate (60.5 g, 0.512 mol) was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was allowed to come to room temperature and heated to 40° C. (Caution: Reaction will start suddenly and exothermic). The heating path was removed immediately once the reaction was started and the reaction mixture was cooled under ice/acetone. The solution was allowed to come to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mass was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride and extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), brine solution (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to give ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate as crude compound as crude compound (71.0 g). The crude compound was taken to the next step without further purification. LC-MS (M+H)+=190.1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 7.45 (5H, m), 5.65 (1H, s), 4.18 (2H, m), 1.18 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). to come to room temperature Reaction The heating path was removed immediately once the reaction the reaction mixture was cooled under ice/acetone to come to room temperature stirred for 1 h The reaction mass was cooled to 0° C. quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL×3) The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), brine solution (200 mL) dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 evaporated under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:40.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To a solution of sodium hydride (24.5 g, 1.02 mol) in THF was added benzyl cyanide (50.0 g, 0.426 mol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at the same temperature. Diethyl carbonate (60.5 g, 0.512 mol) was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was allowed to come to room temperature and heated to 40° C. (Caution: Reaction will start suddenly and exothermic). The heating path was removed immediately once the reaction was started and the reaction mixture was cooled under ice/acetone. The solution was allowed to come to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mass was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride and extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), brine solution (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to give ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate as crude compound as crude compound (71.0 g). The crude compound was taken to the next step without further purification. LC-MS (M+H)+=190.1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 7.45 (5H, m), 5.65 (1H, s), 4.18 (2H, m), 1.18 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). to come to room temperature Reaction The heating path was removed immediately once the reaction the reaction mixture was cooled under ice/acetone to come to room temperature stirred for 1 h The reaction mass was cooled to 0° C. quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL×3) The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), brine solution (200 mL) dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 evaporated under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:40.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To a solution of sodium hydride (24.5 g, 1.02 mol) in THF was added benzyl cyanide (50.0 g, 0.426 mol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at the same temperature. Diethyl carbonate (60.5 g, 0.512 mol) was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was allowed to come to room temperature and heated to 40° C. (Caution: Reaction will start suddenly and exothermic). The heating path was removed immediately once the reaction was started and the reaction mixture was cooled under ice/acetone. The solution was allowed to come to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mass was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride and extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), brine solution (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to give ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate as crude compound as crude compound (71.0 g). The crude compound was taken to the next step without further purification. LC-MS (M+H)+=190.1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 7.45 (5H, m), 5.65 (1H, s), 4.18 (2H, m), 1.18 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). to come to room temperature Reaction The heating path was removed immediately once the reaction the reaction mixture was cooled under ice/acetone to come to room temperature stirred for 1 h The reaction mass was cooled to 0° C. quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL×3) The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), brine solution (200 mL) dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 evaporated under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:40.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To a solution of sodium hydride (24.5 g, 1.02 mol) in THF was added benzyl cyanide (50.0 g, 0.426 mol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at the same temperature. Diethyl carbonate (60.5 g, 0.512 mol) was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was allowed to come to room temperature and heated to 40° C. (Caution: Reaction will start suddenly and exothermic). The heating path was removed immediately once the reaction was started and the reaction mixture was cooled under ice/acetone. The solution was allowed to come to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mass was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride and extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), brine solution (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to give ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate as crude compound as crude compound (71.0 g). The crude compound was taken to the next step without further purification. LC-MS (M+H)+=190.1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 7.45 (5H, m), 5.65 (1H, s), 4.18 (2H, m), 1.18 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). to come to room temperature Reaction The heating path was removed immediately once the reaction the reaction mixture was cooled under ice/acetone to come to room temperature stirred for 1 h The reaction mass was cooled to 0° C. quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL×3) The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), brine solution (200 mL) dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 evaporated under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 30-ml four-necked flask was equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer and a reflux condenser. 0.022 g (0.1 mmol) of palladium (II) acetate, 2.459 g (15 mmol) of sodium phosphate and 15 ml of toluene were weighed in the flask, followed by stirring. Further, 0.116 g (0.2 mmol) of tri-tert-butylphosphonium tetra-para-tolylborate obtained in Example B-3 was weighed in air and added into the flask. The flask was purged with argon, followed by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes. 0.563 g (5 mmol) of chlorobenzene was added, followed by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes. 0.622 g (5.5 mmol) of ethyl cyanoacetate was added, followed by stirring at 100° C. for 12 hours. After the completion of the reaction, 5 ml of water was added, followed by separation. The organic phase was purified by column chromatography to afford 0.502 g of ethyl-2-phenylcyanoacetate (yield: 53 mol % based on chlorobenzene). The identification of the product was made by mass spectroscopy, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. A 30-ml four-necked flask was equipped with a stirrer added into the flask The flask was purged with argon by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes by stirring at 100° C. for 12 hours was added followed by separation The organic phase was purified by column chromatography

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 30-ml four-necked flask was equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer and a reflux condenser. 0.022 g (0.1 mmol) of palladium (II) acetate, 2.459 g (15 mmol) of sodium phosphate and 15 ml of toluene were weighed in the flask, followed by stirring. Further, 0.105 g (0.2 mmol) of tri-tert-butylphosphonium tetraphenylborate obtained in Example A-1 was weighed in air and added into the flask. The flask was purged with argon, followed by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes. 0.563 g (5 mmol) of chlorobenzene was added, followed by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes. 0.622 g (5.5 mmol) of ethyl cyanoacetate was added, followed by stirring at 100° C. for 12 hours. After the completion of the reaction, 5 ml of water was added, followed by separation. The organic phase was purified by column chromatography to afford 0.501 g of ethyl-2-phenylcyanoacetate (yield: 53 mol % based on chlorobenzene). The identification of the product was made by mass spectroscopy, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. A 30-ml four-necked flask was equipped with a stirrer added into the flask The flask was purged with argon by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes by stirring at 100° C. for 12 hours was added followed by separation The organic phase was purified by column chromatography

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 30-ml four-necked flask was equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer and a reflux condenser. 0.022 g (0.1 mmol) of palladium (II) acetate, 2.459 g (15 mmol) of sodium phosphate and 15 ml of toluene were weighed in the flask, followed by stirring. Further, 0.116 g (0.2 mmol) of tri-tert-butylphosphonium tetra-para-tolylborate obtained in Example B-3 was weighed in air and added into the flask. The flask was purged with argon, followed by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes. 0.563 g (5 mmol) of chlorobenzene was added, followed by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes. 0.622 g (5.5 mmol) of ethyl cyanoacetate was added, followed by stirring at 100° C. for 12 hours. After the completion of the reaction, 5 ml of water was added, followed by separation. The organic phase was purified by column chromatography to afford 0.502 g of ethyl-2-phenylcyanoacetate (yield: 53 mol % based on chlorobenzene). The identification of the product was made by mass spectroscopy, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. A 30-ml four-necked flask was equipped with a stirrer added into the flask The flask was purged with argon by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes by stirring at 100° C. for 12 hours was added followed by separation The organic phase was purified by column chromatography

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 30-ml four-necked flask was equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer and a reflux condenser. 0.022 g (0.1 mmol) of palladium (II) acetate, 2.459 g (15 mmol) of sodium phosphate and 15 ml of toluene were weighed in the flask, followed by stirring. Further, 0.105 g (0.2 mmol) of tri-tert-butylphosphonium tetraphenylborate obtained in Example A-1 was weighed in air and added into the flask. The flask was purged with argon, followed by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes. 0.563 g (5 mmol) of chlorobenzene was added, followed by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes. 0.622 g (5.5 mmol) of ethyl cyanoacetate was added, followed by stirring at 100° C. for 12 hours. After the completion of the reaction, 5 ml of water was added, followed by separation. The organic phase was purified by column chromatography to afford 0.501 g of ethyl-2-phenylcyanoacetate (yield: 53 mol % based on chlorobenzene). The identification of the product was made by mass spectroscopy, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. A 30-ml four-necked flask was equipped with a stirrer added into the flask The flask was purged with argon by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes by stirring at 25° C. for 30 minutes by stirring at 100° C. for 12 hours was added followed by separation The organic phase was purified by column chromatography

Conditions: temp:40.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To a solution of sodium hydride (24.5 g, 1.02 mol) in THF was added benzyl cyanide (50.0 g, 0.426 mol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at the same temperature. Diethyl carbonate (60.5 g, 0.512 mol) was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was allowed to come to room temperature and heated to 40° C. (Caution: Reaction will start suddenly and exothermic). The heating path was removed immediately once the reaction was started and the reaction mixture was cooled under ice/acetone. The solution was allowed to come to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mass was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride and extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), brine solution (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to give ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate as crude compound as crude compound (71.0 g). The crude compound was taken to the next step without further purification. LC-MS (M+H)+=190.1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 7.45 (5H, m), 5.65 (1H, s), 4.18 (2H, m), 1.18 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz). to come to room temperature Reaction The heating path was removed immediately once the reaction the reaction mixture was cooled under ice/acetone to come to room temperature stirred for 1 h The reaction mass was cooled to 0° C. quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL×3) The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), brine solution (200 mL) dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 evaporated under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:0.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To the suspension of ethyl phenylcyanoacetate (1.0 g, 5.3 mmol) in anhydrous ether (200 mL) was added lithium aluminum hydride at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 18 h. After adding water (1 equiv.), 15% sodium hydroxide (1 equiv.) and water (3 equiv.) to the above solution, the precipitation was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrate to dry by lyophilization. Flash chromatography (Merck Silica gel 60, 70-230 mesh, 0%-10% methanol in methylene chloride (0.1% NH4OH) in 30 min afforded 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propylamine (0.16 g, 20%). the precipitation was removed by filtration The filtrate was concentrate to dry by lyophilization