ethyl (2S)-2-benzamido-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoate

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Washout buffer containing; 149 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.5 mM EGTA, 10 U/ mL heparin at pH 7.5 and digestion buffer containing; 6.7 mM potassium chloride, 143 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 5 mM calcium chloride-dihydrate, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, 100 U/ mL collagenase Type I, 93 U/ mL Hyaluronidase, 160 BAEE/ mL trypsin inhibitor at pH 7.5 were prepared. Solutions were oxygenate prior to perfusion. Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 riM insulin, 1.2 mM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% FBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 mM hydrocortisone was prepared. DMEM-solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 mM delta-aminolevulinic acid and 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids were prepared. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 125-250 gms were maintained on a standard rodent chow diet and freely given water. On the evening prior to cell isolation, selected healthy animals were feed restricted. The rat was anesthetized with a 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of sodium pentobarbital. Clotting was minimized with intraperitoneal administer of heparin at 1000 IU/kg body weight. The abdominal cavity was opened and the portal vein was surgical isolated. The angiocatheter was inserted into the portal vein at the general location of the lineal branch and connected to a perfusion pump. The in situ perfusion was performed at (˜30 mL/min) with washout buffer, equilibrated with atmosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C. The internal iliac artery was cut to allow pressure equilibration. The caustal area of the diaphragm was excised to provide access to the caudal vena cava and the aorta, using curved forceps both vessels were occluded. About 200 mL of buffer was needed to clear the liver. Digestion buffer was circulated at the same flow rate for about 7 minutes after the initial entry of digestion buffer into the liver. When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency, and started to leak perfusate the perfusion was discontinued. The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline and surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker. Additional digestion solution was dispensed into the beaker and cap with foil. The liver tissue was gently shaken using sterile forceps to free hepatocyte cells. Cells were filtered through presterilized stainless steels mesh sieves of pore sizes 250, 106 and 75 mm. Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer, pipetted successively to assist the disassociation of the cells and transferred to a 50 mL tube. The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50 x g to form a loosely packed pellet. The supernatant is discarded and the pelleted cells were resuspend in ice-cold wash buffer. The washing procedure was repeated twice for a total of three washes. The final pellet was suspended in 50 mL of wash buffer and held on wet-ice. The viability and cell number was checked by diluting duplicate 100 mL aliquots of cell suspension with 400 mL of wash buffer and 500 mL of 0.4% trypan blue in isotonic buffer. The cell concentration was determined in several fields on the hemocytometer. The cell viability (those that exclude die) was 85% or greater. Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration to ensure plating at a density of 150,000 cells/cm2 on collagen coated 6- or 12-well plates. Four hours after plating change the media was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight. Solutions of lovastatin, and compounds A and B were prepared at 30 mM with DMSO. To obtain a compound solution mixtures were vortexed and sonicated. Solutions were oxygenate Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 riM insulin, 1.2 mM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% FBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 mM hydrocortisone was prepared were prepared equilibrated with atmosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C to provide access to the caudal vena cava When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker cap with foil Cells were filtered Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer transferred to a 50 mL tube The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50 x g to form a loosely packed pellet The cell concentration Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration Four hours was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight To obtain a compound solution mixtures sonicated

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Washout buffer containing; 149 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.5 mM EGTA, 10 U/mL heparin at pH 7.5 and digestion buffer containing; 6.7 mM potassium chloride, 143 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 5 mM calcium chloride-dihydrate, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, 100 U/ ml. collagenase Type 1, 93 U/mL Hyaluronidase, 160 BAEE/mL trypsin inhibitor at pH 7.5 were prepared. Solutions were oxygenate prior to perfusion. Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 nM insulin, 1.2 μM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% EBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 μM hydrocortisone was prepared. DMEM- solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid and 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids were prepared. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 125-250 gms were maintained on a standard rodent chow diet and freely given water. On the evening prior to cell isolation, selected healthy animals were fed restricted. The rat was anesthetized with a 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of sodium pentobarbital. Clotting was minimized with intraperitoneal administer of heparin at 1000 IU/kg body weight. The abdominal cavity was opened and the portal vein was surgical isolated. The angiocatheter was inserted into the portal vein at the general location of the lineal branch and connected to a perfusion pump, The in situ perfusion was performed at (˜30 mL/min) with washout buffer, equilibrated with annosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C. The internal iliac artery was cut to allow pressure equilibration. The caustal area of the diaphragm was excised to provide access to the caudal vena cava and the aorta, using curved forceps both vessels were occluded. About 200 mL of buffer was needed to clear the liver. Digestion buffer was circulated at the same flow rate for about 7 minutes after the initial entry of digestion buffer into the liver, When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency, and started to leak perfusate the perfusion was discontinued. The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline and surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker. Additional digestion solution was dispensed into the beaker and cap with foil. The liver tissue was gently shaken using sterile forceps to free hepatocyte cells. Cells were filtered through presterilized stainless steels mesh sieves of pore sizes 250, 106 and 75 μm. Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer, pipetted successively to assist the disassociation of the cells and transferred to a 50 mL tube. The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50×g to form a loosely packed pellet. The supernatant is discarded and the pelleted cells were resuspend in ice-cold wash buffer. The washing procedure was repeated twice for a total of three washes. The final pellet was suspended in 50 mL of wash buffer and held on wet-ice. The viability and cell number was checked by diluting duplicate 100 μL aliquots of cell suspension with 400 μL of wash buffer and 500 μL of 0.4% trypan blue in isotonic buffer. The cell concentration was determined in several fields on the hemocytometer. The cell viability (those that exclude die) was 85% or greater. Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration to ensure plating at a density of 150,000 cells/cm2on collagen coated 6- or 12-well plates. Four hours after plating change the media was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight. Solutions of lovastatin, and illustrative compounds were prepared at 30 mM with DMSO. To obtain a compound solution mixtures were vortexed and sonicated. Solutions were oxygenate Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 nM insulin, 1.2 μM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% EBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 μM hydrocortisone was prepared were prepared equilibrated with annosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C to provide access to the caudal vena cava after the initial entry of digestion buffer into the liver, When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker cap with foil Cells were filtered Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer transferred to a 50 mL tube The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50×g to form a loosely packed pellet The cell concentration Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration Four hours was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight To obtain a compound solution mixtures sonicated

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Washout buffer containing; 149 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.5 mM EGTA, 10 U/ mL heparin at pH 7.5 and digestion buffer containing; 6.7 mM potassium chloride, 143 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 5 mM calcium chloride-dihydrate, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, 100 U/ mL collagenase Type I, 93 U/ mL Hyaluronidase, 160 BAEE/ mL trypsin inhibitor at pH 7.5 were prepared. Solutions were oxygenate prior to perfusion. Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 riM insulin, 1.2 mM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% FBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 mM hydrocortisone was prepared. DMEM-solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 mM delta-aminolevulinic acid and 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids were prepared. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 125-250 gms were maintained on a standard rodent chow diet and freely given water. On the evening prior to cell isolation, selected healthy animals were feed restricted. The rat was anesthetized with a 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of sodium pentobarbital. Clotting was minimized with intraperitoneal administer of heparin at 1000 IU/kg body weight. The abdominal cavity was opened and the portal vein was surgical isolated. The angiocatheter was inserted into the portal vein at the general location of the lineal branch and connected to a perfusion pump. The in situ perfusion was performed at (˜30 mL/min) with washout buffer, equilibrated with atmosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C. The internal iliac artery was cut to allow pressure equilibration. The caustal area of the diaphragm was excised to provide access to the caudal vena cava and the aorta, using curved forceps both vessels were occluded. About 200 mL of buffer was needed to clear the liver. Digestion buffer was circulated at the same flow rate for about 7 minutes after the initial entry of digestion buffer into the liver. When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency, and started to leak perfusate the perfusion was discontinued. The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline and surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker. Additional digestion solution was dispensed into the beaker and cap with foil. The liver tissue was gently shaken using sterile forceps to free hepatocyte cells. Cells were filtered through presterilized stainless steels mesh sieves of pore sizes 250, 106 and 75 mm. Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer, pipetted successively to assist the disassociation of the cells and transferred to a 50 mL tube. The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50 x g to form a loosely packed pellet. The supernatant is discarded and the pelleted cells were resuspend in ice-cold wash buffer. The washing procedure was repeated twice for a total of three washes. The final pellet was suspended in 50 mL of wash buffer and held on wet-ice. The viability and cell number was checked by diluting duplicate 100 mL aliquots of cell suspension with 400 mL of wash buffer and 500 mL of 0.4% trypan blue in isotonic buffer. The cell concentration was determined in several fields on the hemocytometer. The cell viability (those that exclude die) was 85% or greater. Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration to ensure plating at a density of 150,000 cells/cm2 on collagen coated 6- or 12-well plates. Four hours after plating change the media was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight. Solutions of lovastatin, and compounds A and B were prepared at 30 mM with DMSO. To obtain a compound solution mixtures were vortexed and sonicated. Solutions were oxygenate Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 riM insulin, 1.2 mM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% FBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 mM hydrocortisone was prepared were prepared equilibrated with atmosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C to provide access to the caudal vena cava When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker cap with foil Cells were filtered Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer transferred to a 50 mL tube The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50 x g to form a loosely packed pellet The cell concentration Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration Four hours was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight To obtain a compound solution mixtures sonicated

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Washout buffer containing; 149 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.5 mM EGTA, 10 U/mL heparin at pH 7.5 and digestion buffer containing; 6.7 mM potassium chloride, 143 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 5 mM calcium chloride-dihydrate, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, 100 U/ ml. collagenase Type 1, 93 U/mL Hyaluronidase, 160 BAEE/mL trypsin inhibitor at pH 7.5 were prepared. Solutions were oxygenate prior to perfusion. Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 nM insulin, 1.2 μM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% EBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 μM hydrocortisone was prepared. DMEM- solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid and 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids were prepared. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 125-250 gms were maintained on a standard rodent chow diet and freely given water. On the evening prior to cell isolation, selected healthy animals were fed restricted. The rat was anesthetized with a 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of sodium pentobarbital. Clotting was minimized with intraperitoneal administer of heparin at 1000 IU/kg body weight. The abdominal cavity was opened and the portal vein was surgical isolated. The angiocatheter was inserted into the portal vein at the general location of the lineal branch and connected to a perfusion pump, The in situ perfusion was performed at (˜30 mL/min) with washout buffer, equilibrated with annosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C. The internal iliac artery was cut to allow pressure equilibration. The caustal area of the diaphragm was excised to provide access to the caudal vena cava and the aorta, using curved forceps both vessels were occluded. About 200 mL of buffer was needed to clear the liver. Digestion buffer was circulated at the same flow rate for about 7 minutes after the initial entry of digestion buffer into the liver, When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency, and started to leak perfusate the perfusion was discontinued. The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline and surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker. Additional digestion solution was dispensed into the beaker and cap with foil. The liver tissue was gently shaken using sterile forceps to free hepatocyte cells. Cells were filtered through presterilized stainless steels mesh sieves of pore sizes 250, 106 and 75 μm. Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer, pipetted successively to assist the disassociation of the cells and transferred to a 50 mL tube. The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50×g to form a loosely packed pellet. The supernatant is discarded and the pelleted cells were resuspend in ice-cold wash buffer. The washing procedure was repeated twice for a total of three washes. The final pellet was suspended in 50 mL of wash buffer and held on wet-ice. The viability and cell number was checked by diluting duplicate 100 μL aliquots of cell suspension with 400 μL of wash buffer and 500 μL of 0.4% trypan blue in isotonic buffer. The cell concentration was determined in several fields on the hemocytometer. The cell viability (those that exclude die) was 85% or greater. Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration to ensure plating at a density of 150,000 cells/cm2on collagen coated 6- or 12-well plates. Four hours after plating change the media was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight. Solutions of lovastatin, and illustrative compounds were prepared at 30 mM with DMSO. To obtain a compound solution mixtures were vortexed and sonicated. Solutions were oxygenate Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 nM insulin, 1.2 μM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% EBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 μM hydrocortisone was prepared were prepared equilibrated with annosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C to provide access to the caudal vena cava after the initial entry of digestion buffer into the liver, When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker cap with foil Cells were filtered Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer transferred to a 50 mL tube The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50×g to form a loosely packed pellet The cell concentration Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration Four hours was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight To obtain a compound solution mixtures sonicated

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Initial rates were determined in the absence and presence of various amounts of H3-amidine (0, 5, 10 mM), using BAEE as the substrate. BAEE and H3-amidine were pre-incubated in assay buffer containing 100 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, 50 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM TCEP, and 10 mM CaCl2 for 10 min at 37° C. Reactions were initiated by the addition of PAD4 to a final concentration of 0.2 μM. After incubation at 37° C. for 15 min, the reactions were quenched and the amount of Cit produced quantified. The initial rates derived from these experiments were fit by non-linear least fit squares to equations representing linear competitive inhibition (Equation 4) and linear noncompetitive inhibition (Equation 5), using the using the GraFit™ version 5.0.11 software package. v=Vm[S]/(Km(1+[I]/Kis)+[S])  (Eq. 4) v=Vm[S]I(Km(1+[I]/Kis)+[S](1+[I]/Kii))  (Eq. 5) Reactions were initiated by the addition of PAD4 to a final concentration of 0.2 μM the reactions were quenched

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: IC50's for compounds 2 to 11 were determined analogously to the methods used to determine the IC50 for F3-amidine, 1. Briefly, inhibitors were pre-incubated with PAD4 (0.2 μM) for 15 min at 37° C. in a buffer containing 100 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl2, and 0.25 mM TCEP. BAEE was then added to a final concentration of 10 mM to initiate the reaction. Reactions were then quenched after a further 15 min by flash freezing. The amount of Cit produced in the reaction was quantified using our assay for Cit production. IC50 values were determined by fitting the concentration-response data to Equation 3, Fractional activity of PAD4=1/(1+([I]/IC50))  (Eq. 3), using the Grafit™ version 5.0.11 software package. The concentration of an inhibitor that corresponds to the midpoint (fractional activity=0.5) is referred to as the IC50. The calcium dependence of the IC50 was determined identically, except that CaCl2 was omitted during the initial pre-incubation step and then added (10 mM final) with BAEE to initiate the reaction. the reaction Reactions were then quenched after a further 15 min by flash freezing

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: IC50's for compounds 2 to 11 were determined analogously to the methods used to determine the IC50 for F3-amidine, 1. Briefly, inhibitors were pre-incubated with PAD4 (0.2 μM) for 15 min at 37° C. in a buffer containing 100 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl2, and 0.25 mM TCEP. BAEE was then added to a final concentration of 10 mM to initiate the reaction. Reactions were then quenched after a further 15 min by flash freezing. The amount of Cit produced in the reaction was quantified using our assay for Cit production. IC50 values were determined by fitting the concentration-response data to Equation 3, Fractional activity of PAD4=1/(1+([I]/IC50))  (Eq. 3), using the Grafit™ version 5.0.11 software package. The concentration of an inhibitor that corresponds to the midpoint (fractional activity=0.5) is referred to as the IC50. The calcium dependence of the IC50 was determined identically, except that CaCl2 was omitted during the initial pre-incubation step and then added (10 mM final) with BAEE to initiate the reaction. the reaction Reactions were then quenched after a further 15 min by flash freezing

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: IC50's for compounds 2 to 11 were determined analogously to the methods used to determine the IC50 for F3-amidine, 1. Briefly, inhibitors were pre-incubated with PAD4 (0.2 μM) for 15 min at 37° C. in a buffer containing 100 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl2, and 0.25 mM TCEP. BAEE was then added to a final concentration of 10 mM to initiate the reaction. Reactions were then quenched after a further 15 min by flash freezing. The amount of Cit produced in the reaction was quantified using our assay for Cit production. IC50 values were determined by fitting the concentration-response data to Equation 3, Fractional activity of PAD4=1/(1+([I]/IC50))  (Eq. 3), using the Grafit™ version 5.0.11 software package. The concentration of an inhibitor that corresponds to the midpoint (fractional activity=0.5) is referred to as the IC50. The calcium dependence of the IC50 was determined identically, except that CaCl2 was omitted during the initial pre-incubation step and then added (10 mM final) with BAEE to initiate the reaction. the reaction Reactions were then quenched after a further 15 min by flash freezing

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Washout buffer containing; 149 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.5 mM EGTA, 10 U/mL heparin at pH 7.5 and digestion buffer containing; 6.7 mM potassium chloride, 143 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 5 mM calcium chloride-dihydrate, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, 100 U/mL collagenase Type I, 93 U/mL Hyaluronidase, 160 BAEE/mL trypsin inhibitor at pH 7.5 were prepared. Solutions were oxygenate prior to perfusion. Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 μM insulin, 1.2 μM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-antinolevulinic acid, 17.4mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% FBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 μM hydrocortisone was prepared. DMEM solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid and 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids were prepared. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 125-250 gms were maintained on a standard rodent chow diet and freely given water. On the evening prior to cell isolation, selected healthy animals were fed restricted. The rat was anesthetized with a 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of sodium pentobarbital. Clotting was minimized with intraperitoneal administer of heparin at 1000 IU/kg body weight. The abdominal cavity was opened and the portal vein was surgical isolated. The angiocatheter was inserted into the portal vein at the general location of the lineal branch and connected to a perfusion pump. The in situ perfusion was performed at (˜30 mL/min) with washout buffer, equilibrated with atmosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C. The internal iliac artery was cut to allow pressure equilibration. The caustal area of the diaphragm was excised to provide access to the caudal vena cava and the aorta, using curved forceps both vessels were occluded. About 200 mL of buffer was needed to clear the liver. Digestion buffer was circulated at the same flow rate for about 7 minutes after the initial entry of digestion buffer into the liver. When the liver had significantly increased in size) and consistency, and started to leak perfusate the perfusion was discontinued. The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline and surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker. Additional digestion solution was dispensed into the beaker and cap with foil. The liver tissue was gently shaken using sterile forceps to flee hepatocyte cells. Cells were filtered through presterilized stainless steels mesh sieves of pore sizes 250, 106 and 75 μm. Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer, pipetted successively to assist the disassociation of the cells and transferred to a 50 mL tube. The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50×g to form a loosely packed pellet. The supernatant is discarded and the pelleted cells were resuspend in ice-cold wash buffer. The washing procedure was repeated twice for a total of three washes. The final pellet was suspended in 50 mL of wash buffer and held on wet-ice. The viability and cell number was checked by diluting duplicate 100 μL aliquots of cell suspension with 400 μL of wash buffer and 500 μL of 0.4% trypan blue in isotonic buffer. The cell concentration was determined in several fields on the hemocytometer. The cell viability (those that exclude die) was 85% or greater. Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration to ensure plating at a density of 150,000 cells/cm2 on collagen coated 6- or 12-well plates. Four hours after plating change the media was changed with DMEM− and culture overnight. Solutions of lovastatin, and illustrative compounds were prepared at 30 mM with DMSO. To obtain a compound solution mixtures were vortexed and sonicated. Solutions were oxygenate Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 μM insulin, 1.2 μM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-antinolevulinic acid, 17.4mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% FBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 μM hydrocortisone was prepared were prepared equilibrated with atmosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C to provide access to the caudal vena cava When the liver had significantly increased in size) and consistency The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker cap with foil Cells were filtered Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer transferred to a 50 mL tube The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50×g to form a loosely packed pellet The cell concentration Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration Four hours was changed with DMEM− and culture overnight To obtain a compound solution mixtures sonicated

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Inhibition constants were determined for minocycline, chlortetracycline, and streptomycin using standard kinetic analyses. Briefly, the compounds were incubated in Reaction Buffer containing various concentrations of BAEE (0-20 mM) for 10 minutes at 37° C. PAD4 (0.2 μM) was then added to initiate the reaction and allowed to proceed for 6 additional minutes. Reactions were then quenched by flash freezing in liquid N2 and the amount of Cit produced was quantified. The data obtained for streptomycin, minocycline and chlortetracycline were fit to equations 2 and 3, PAD4 (0.2 μM) was then added the reaction Reactions were then quenched by flash

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Washout buffer containing; 149 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.5 mM EGTA, 10 U/ mL heparin at pH 7.5 and digestion buffer containing; 6.7 mM potassium chloride, 143 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 5 mM calcium chloride-dihydrate, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, 100 U/ mL collagenase Type I, 93 U/ mL Hyaluronidase, 160 BAEE/ mL trypsin inhibitor at pH 7.5 were prepared. Solutions were oxygenate prior to perfusion. Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 riM insulin, 1.2 mM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% FBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 mM hydrocortisone was prepared. DMEM-solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 mM delta-aminolevulinic acid and 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids were prepared. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 125-250 gms were maintained on a standard rodent chow diet and freely given water. On the evening prior to cell isolation, selected healthy animals were feed restricted. The rat was anesthetized with a 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of sodium pentobarbital. Clotting was minimized with intraperitoneal administer of heparin at 1000 IU/kg body weight. The abdominal cavity was opened and the portal vein was surgical isolated. The angiocatheter was inserted into the portal vein at the general location of the lineal branch and connected to a perfusion pump. The in situ perfusion was performed at (˜30 mL/min) with washout buffer, equilibrated with atmosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C. The internal iliac artery was cut to allow pressure equilibration. The caustal area of the diaphragm was excised to provide access to the caudal vena cava and the aorta, using curved forceps both vessels were occluded. About 200 mL of buffer was needed to clear the liver. Digestion buffer was circulated at the same flow rate for about 7 minutes after the initial entry of digestion buffer into the liver. When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency, and started to leak perfusate the perfusion was discontinued. The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline and surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker. Additional digestion solution was dispensed into the beaker and cap with foil. The liver tissue was gently shaken using sterile forceps to free hepatocyte cells. Cells were filtered through presterilized stainless steels mesh sieves of pore sizes 250, 106 and 75 mm. Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer, pipetted successively to assist the disassociation of the cells and transferred to a 50 mL tube. The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50 x g to form a loosely packed pellet. The supernatant is discarded and the pelleted cells were resuspend in ice-cold wash buffer. The washing procedure was repeated twice for a total of three washes. The final pellet was suspended in 50 mL of wash buffer and held on wet-ice. The viability and cell number was checked by diluting duplicate 100 mL aliquots of cell suspension with 400 mL of wash buffer and 500 mL of 0.4% trypan blue in isotonic buffer. The cell concentration was determined in several fields on the hemocytometer. The cell viability (those that exclude die) was 85% or greater. Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration to ensure plating at a density of 150,000 cells/cm2 on collagen coated 6- or 12-well plates. Four hours after plating change the media was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight. Solutions of lovastatin, and compounds A and B were prepared at 30 mM with DMSO. To obtain a compound solution mixtures were vortexed and sonicated. Solutions were oxygenate Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 riM insulin, 1.2 mM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% FBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 mM hydrocortisone was prepared were prepared equilibrated with atmosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C to provide access to the caudal vena cava When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker cap with foil Cells were filtered Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer transferred to a 50 mL tube The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50 x g to form a loosely packed pellet The cell concentration Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration Four hours was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight To obtain a compound solution mixtures sonicated

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Washout buffer containing; 149 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.5 mM EGTA, 10 U/mL heparin at pH 7.5 and digestion buffer containing; 6.7 mM potassium chloride, 143 mM sodium chloride, 9.2 mM sodium N-2-hyroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 5 mM calcium chloride-dihydrate, 1.7 mM fructose, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, 100 U/ ml. collagenase Type 1, 93 U/mL Hyaluronidase, 160 BAEE/mL trypsin inhibitor at pH 7.5 were prepared. Solutions were oxygenate prior to perfusion. Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 nM insulin, 1.2 μM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% EBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 μM hydrocortisone was prepared. DMEM- solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid and 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids were prepared. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 125-250 gms were maintained on a standard rodent chow diet and freely given water. On the evening prior to cell isolation, selected healthy animals were fed restricted. The rat was anesthetized with a 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of sodium pentobarbital. Clotting was minimized with intraperitoneal administer of heparin at 1000 IU/kg body weight. The abdominal cavity was opened and the portal vein was surgical isolated. The angiocatheter was inserted into the portal vein at the general location of the lineal branch and connected to a perfusion pump, The in situ perfusion was performed at (˜30 mL/min) with washout buffer, equilibrated with annosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C. The internal iliac artery was cut to allow pressure equilibration. The caustal area of the diaphragm was excised to provide access to the caudal vena cava and the aorta, using curved forceps both vessels were occluded. About 200 mL of buffer was needed to clear the liver. Digestion buffer was circulated at the same flow rate for about 7 minutes after the initial entry of digestion buffer into the liver, When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency, and started to leak perfusate the perfusion was discontinued. The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline and surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker. Additional digestion solution was dispensed into the beaker and cap with foil. The liver tissue was gently shaken using sterile forceps to free hepatocyte cells. Cells were filtered through presterilized stainless steels mesh sieves of pore sizes 250, 106 and 75 μm. Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer, pipetted successively to assist the disassociation of the cells and transferred to a 50 mL tube. The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50×g to form a loosely packed pellet. The supernatant is discarded and the pelleted cells were resuspend in ice-cold wash buffer. The washing procedure was repeated twice for a total of three washes. The final pellet was suspended in 50 mL of wash buffer and held on wet-ice. The viability and cell number was checked by diluting duplicate 100 μL aliquots of cell suspension with 400 μL of wash buffer and 500 μL of 0.4% trypan blue in isotonic buffer. The cell concentration was determined in several fields on the hemocytometer. The cell viability (those that exclude die) was 85% or greater. Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration to ensure plating at a density of 150,000 cells/cm2on collagen coated 6- or 12-well plates. Four hours after plating change the media was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight. Solutions of lovastatin, and illustrative compounds were prepared at 30 mM with DMSO. To obtain a compound solution mixtures were vortexed and sonicated. Solutions were oxygenate Wash buffer containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 4.5 gm/L D-glucose, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 0.2% BSA, 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 nM insulin, 1.2 μM hydrocortisone and DMEM+HS solution containing DMEM, 2 mM GlutMax-1, 20 nM delta-aminolevulinic acid, 17.4 mM MEM non-essential amino acids, 20% EBS, 12 nM insulin and 1.2 μM hydrocortisone was prepared were prepared equilibrated with annosphere gases at a temperature of 37° C to provide access to the caudal vena cava after the initial entry of digestion buffer into the liver, When the liver had significantly increased in size, and consistency The liver was rinsed in situ with sterile saline surgical removed from the animal to a sterile beaker cap with foil Cells were filtered Cells were diluted in with ice-cold wash buffer transferred to a 50 mL tube The cells are centrifuged for about 4 minutes at 50×g to form a loosely packed pellet The cell concentration Cells were diluted in DMEM+HS to a final concentration Four hours was changed with DMEM- and culture overnight To obtain a compound solution mixtures sonicated