vanadium

Conditions: temp:85.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) (229 g) was added to water (500 mL), to thereby yield a mixture, and an aliquot of oxalic acid (477 g) was added to the mixture with stirring at 80-90° C. so as to dissolve the vanadium compound, to thereby yield a solution of vanadium oxalate. Another aliquot of oxalic acid (963 g) was added to water (400 mL), and the resultant mixture was heated to 50-60° C. To the mixture, a solution of chromic anhydride (CrO3) (252 g) in water (200 mL) was added under sufficient stirring so as to dissolve the components, to thereby yield a solution of chromium oxalate. The thus-yielded solutions were mixed at 50-60° C., to thereby prepare a V-Cr-containing solution. To the V-Cr-containing solution were added a solution of phosphomolybdic acid (H3(PMo12O40).20H2O) (41.1 g) dissolved in water (100 mL), and a solution of potassium acetate (CH3COOK) (4.0 g) dissolved in water (100 mL). Subsequently, a 20 wt. % aqueous silica sol (containing Na2O (0.02 wt. %)) (2,500 g) was added, to thereby form a slurry. to thereby yield a mixture

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: For the starting material, lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) was used as a lithium source, and (Cu0.999V0 001)3O4 which was a composite of tricobalt tetraoxide and vanadium (V) was used as a cobalt source. The composite of tricobalt tetraoxide and vanadium was obtained such that cobalt dissolved in an acid solution and vanadium were precipitated as a composite hydroxide and then were calcined at 300° C. Next, the lithium carbonate and the composite of tricobalt tetraoxide and vanadium were weighed out such that the molar ratio of Li to (Co+V) was 1, and there was then added MgF2 such that the fluorine content in the total amount of positive electrode active material was 0.01 mass %, and then the mixture was mixed. Subsequently, the mixture was calcined in an air atmosphere to obtain a calcined product of LiCo0.999V0 001O2 of a hexagonal crystal system containing fluorine and magnesium, and then the calcined product was ground in a mortar to an average particle size of 10 μm, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: For the starting material, lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) was used as a lithium source, and (Cu0.999V0 001)3O4 which was a composite of tricobalt tetraoxide and vanadium (V) was used as a cobalt source. The composite of tricobalt tetraoxide and vanadium was obtained such that cobalt dissolved in an acid solution and vanadium were precipitated as a composite hydroxide and then were calcined at 300° C. Next, the lithium carbonate and the composite of tricobalt tetraoxide and vanadium were weighed out such that the molar ratio of Li to (Co+V) was 1, and there was then added MgF2 such that the fluorine content in the total amount of positive electrode active material was 0.01 mass %, and then the mixture was mixed. Subsequently, the mixture was calcined in an air atmosphere to obtain a calcined product of LiCo0.999V0 001O2 of a hexagonal crystal system containing fluorine and magnesium, and then the calcined product was ground in a mortar to an average particle size of 10 μm, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material.

Conditions: temp:85.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) (229 g) was added to water (500 mL), to thereby yield a mixture, and an aliquot of oxalic acid (477 g) was added to the mixture with stirring at 80-90° C. so as to dissolve the vanadium compound, to thereby yield a solution of vanadium oxalate. Another aliquot of oxalic acid (963 g) was added to water (400 mL), and the resultant mixture was heated to 50-60° C. To the mixture, a solution of chromic anhydride (CrO3) (252 g) in water (200 mL) was added under sufficient stirring so as to dissolve the components, to thereby yield a solution of chromium oxalate. The thus-yielded solutions were mixed at 50-60° C., to thereby prepare a V—Cr-containing solution. To the V—Cr-containing solution, a solution of phosphomolybdic acid (H3(PMo12O40).20H2O) (41.1 g) dissolved in water (100 mL) and a solution of potassium acetate (CH3COOK) (4.0 g) dissolved in water (100 mL) were added. Subsequently, a 20 wt. % aqueous silica sol (containing 0.02 wt. % of Na2O) (2,500 g) was added, to thereby yield a slurry. to thereby yield a mixture

Conditions: temp:80.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: As an example of a starting material suitable for an amorphous complex oxide containing phosphorus and vanadium as the major constituents, a vanadyl phosphate solution was prepared. In 3.0 kg of deionized water, 2.956 kg of 85% phosphoric acid was dissolved, and 2.55 kg of oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O) was further added and dissolved under heating. The solution was heated to 80° C., and 1.842 kg of vanadium pentoxide was gradually added and dissolved while paying a careful attention to the generation of bubbles. Then, the heating was continued for further 10 minutes under the boiling condition to complete the reduction. The solution was cooled, and deionized water was added to adjust the total amount to 10.00 kg, whereby the second component was obtained. dissolved under heating dissolved The solution was cooled was added was obtained

Conditions: temp:80.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: As an example of a starting material suitable for an amorphous complex oxide containing phosphorus and vanadium as the major constituents, a vanadyl phosphate solution was prepared. In 3.0 kg of deionized water, 2.956 kg of 85% phosphoric acid was dissolved, and 2.55 kg of oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O) was further added and dissolved under heating. The solution was heated to 80° C., and 1.842 kg of vanadium pentoxide was gradually added and dissolved while paying a careful attention to the generation of bubbles. Then, the heating was continued for further 10 minutes under the boiling condition to complete the reduction. The solution was cooled, and deionized water was added to adjust the total amount to 10.00 kg, whereby the second component was obtained. dissolved under heating dissolved The solution was cooled was added was obtained

Conditions: temp:85.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) (229 g) was added to water (500 mL), to thereby yield a mixture, and an aliquot of oxalic acid (477 g) was added to the mixture with stirring at 80-90° C. so as to dissolve the vanadium compound, to thereby yield a solution of vanadium oxalate. Another aliquot of oxalic acid (963 g) was added to water (400 mL), and the resultant mixture was heated to 50-60° C. To the mixture, a solution of chromic anhydride (CrO3) (252 g) in water (200 mL) was added under sufficient stirring so as to dissolve the components, to thereby yield a solution of chromium oxalate. The thus-yielded solutions were mixed at 50-60° C., to thereby prepare a V—Cr—containing solution. To the V—Cr—containing solution, a solution of phosphomolybdic acid (H3(PMo12O40)·20H2O) (41.1 g) dissolved in water (100 mL) and a solution of potassium acetate (CH3COOK) (4.0 g) dissolved in water (100 mL) were added. Subsequently, a 20 wt. % aqueous silica sol (containing 0.02 wt. % of Na2O) (2,500 g) was added, to thereby yield a slurry. to thereby yield a mixture

Conditions: temp:85.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) (229 g) was added to water (500 mL), to thereby yield a mixture, and an aliquot of oxalic acid (477 g) was added to the mixture with stirring at 80-90° C. so as to dissolve the vanadium compound, to thereby yield a solution of vanadium oxalate. Another aliquot of oxalic acid (963 g) was added to water (400 mL), and the resultant mixture was heated to 50-60° C. To the mixture, a solution of chromic anhydride (CrO3) (252 g) in water (200 mL) was added under sufficient stirring so as to dissolve the components, to thereby yield a solution of chromium oxalate. The thus-yielded solutions were mixed at 50-60° C., to thereby prepare a V-Cr-containing solution. To the V-Cr-containing solution were added a solution of phosphomolybdic acid (H3(PMo12O40).20H2O) (41.1 g) dissolved in water (100 mL), and a solution of potassium acetate (CH3COOK) (4.0 g) dissolved in water (100 mL). Subsequently, a 20 wt. % aqueous silica sol (containing Na2O (0.02 wt. %)) (2,500 g) was added, to thereby form a slurry. to thereby yield a mixture

Conditions: temp:85.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) (229 g) was added to water (500 mL), to thereby yield a mixture, and an aliquot of oxalic acid (477 g) was added to the mixture with stirring at 80-90° C. so as to dissolve the vanadium compound, to thereby yield a solution of vanadium oxalate. Another aliquot of oxalic acid (963 g) was added to water (400 mL), and the resultant mixture was heated to 50-60° C. To the mixture, a solution of chromic anhydride (CrO3) (252 g) in water (200 mL) was added under sufficient stirring so as to dissolve the components, to thereby yield a solution of chromium oxalate. The thus-yielded solutions were mixed at 50-60° C., to thereby prepare a V—Cr-containing solution. To the V—Cr-containing solution, a solution of phosphomolybdic acid (H3(PMo12O40).20H2O) (41.1 g) dissolved in water (100 mL) and a solution of potassium acetate (CH3COOK) (4.0 g) dissolved in water (100 mL) were added. Subsequently, a 20 wt. % aqueous silica sol (containing 0.02 wt. % of Na2O) (2,500 g) was added, to thereby yield a slurry. to thereby yield a mixture

Conditions: temp:80.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: As an example of a starting material suitable for an amorphous complex oxide containing phosphorus and vanadium as the major constituents, a vanadyl phosphate solution was prepared. In 3.0 kg of deionized water, 2.956 kg of 85% phosphoric acid was dissolved, and 2.55 kg of oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O) was further added and dissolved under heating. The solution was heated to 80° C., and 1.842 kg of vanadium pentoxide was gradually added and dissolved while paying a careful attention to the generation of bubbles. Then, the heating was continued for further 10 minutes under the boiling condition to complete the reduction. The solution was cooled, and deionized water was added to adjust the total amount to 10.00 kg, whereby the second component was obtained. dissolved under heating dissolved The solution was cooled was added was obtained

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A vanadium ammonium oxalate solution was prepared by adding ammonia and oxalic acid to ammonium polyvanadate suspended in water. The solution obtained contained 9.4% by weight of vanadium, measured as metal. The carriers obtained in Examples 1-3 were impregnated with the solution and subsequently calcined at 450° C. The catalysts obtained contained 4% by weight of vanadium, calculated as the metal, and contained the titania in the anatase form. The catalysts prepared from the carriers of Examples 1-3 are indicated as catalysts 1-3, respectively. Of the catalysts, 150 mg of the sieve fraction of 0.4-0.6 mm was tested at 140° C. and a pressure of 1 bar using a gas containing 900 ppm NO, 800 ppm NH3, 5% oxygen, 11% water and the remainder being argon. The gas flow was 45 ml/min. The products were analyzed with the help of a mass spectrometer. The solution obtained The carriers obtained in Examples 1-3 subsequently calcined at 450° C The catalysts obtained The catalysts prepared from the carriers of Examples 1-3 was tested at 140° C. containing 900 ppm NO

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A vanadium ammonium oxalate solution was prepared by adding ammonia and oxalic acid to ammonium polyvanadate suspended in water. The solution obtained contained 9.4% by weight of vanadium, measured as metal. The carriers obtained in Examples 1-3 were impregnated with the solution and subsequently calcined at 450° C. The catalysts obtained contained 4% by weight of vanadium, calculated as the metal, and contained the titania in the anatase form. The catalysts prepared from the carriers of Examples 1-3 are indicated as catalysts 1-3, respectively. Of the catalysts, 150 mg of the sieve fraction of 0.4-0.6 mm was tested at 140° C. and a pressure of 1 bar using a gas containing 900 ppm NO, 800 ppm NH3, 5% oxygen, 11% water and the remainder being argon. The gas flow was 45 ml/min. The products were analyzed with the help of a mass spectrometer. The solution obtained The carriers obtained in Examples 1-3 subsequently calcined at 450° C The catalysts obtained The catalysts prepared from the carriers of Examples 1-3 was tested at 140° C. containing 900 ppm NO