niobium

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Phosphoric acid (15.76 g; 85 wt. %) is diluted to 30 ml total volume with water. The aqueous phosphoric acid solution is poured over niobic acid (10.0 g; Niobium Products Corp., CBMM number AD222), and the mixture is stirred and dried according to the general procedure of Examples 4(a-d) to yield a niobium phosphate having a P/Nb mole ratio of 2.22. dried

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Phosphoric acid (11.82 g; 85 wt. %) is diluted to 30 ml total volume with water. The aqueous phosphoric acid solution is poured over niobic acid (10.0 g; Niobium Products Corp., CBMM number AD222), and the mixture is stirred and dried according to the general procedure of Examples 4(a-d) to yield a niobium phosphate having a P/Nb mole ratio of 1.41. dried

Conditions: temp:150.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixture is prepared containing niobic acid, Nb2O5.xH2O, (60.33 g; 0.211 moles; Niobium Products Company, AD-460) and 85% phosphoric acid (602.20 g; 5.22 moles). The mixture is heated to 150° C. with stirring. The niobium oxide dissolves to form a pink solution, and upon heating a precipitate forms. The precipitate is boiled in the phosphoric acid for about 2 hours. The boiled mixture is cooled to room temperature, and the liquid phase is decanted from the precipitate. The precipitate is washed by stirring with 500 ml of water, after which the aqueous mixture is filtered. The washing and filtering cycle is repeated five times. The filtered solid is dried at 110° C. under air for 21/2 days to yield a catalyst of niobium phosphate. The elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction pattern of the catalyst are consistent with the composition NbOPO4. The P/Nb mole ratio, as determined by neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence, is 1.03. A mixture is prepared containing niobic acid, Nb2O5 to form a pink solution upon heating a precipitate forms The boiled mixture is cooled to room temperature the liquid phase is decanted from the precipitate The precipitate is washed by stirring with 500 ml of water after which the aqueous mixture is filtered The washing and filtering cycle The filtered solid is dried at 110° C. under air for 21/2 days

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: NbxCe1-xO2 where x is from about 0.02 to about 0.05 was prepared by the following procedure. A solution of niobium ethoxide was prepared in n-butanol solvent in a low moisture and low oxygen environment to prevent hydrolysis of the niobium ethoxide with moisture present in the air. A partial solution/emulsion of cerium (III) 2-ethyl hexanoate in n-butanol was prepared. Then, the niobium ethoxide solution is admixed with the cerium 2-ethyl hexanoate solution/emulsion in an amount to provide a desired solid solution of about 2 to 5 mole percent niobium dopant. Then, the solution/emulsion mixture was then dried at about 110° C. in air to begin to transform the gel into powder. Next, the dried material was thermally decomposed by calcination at about 650° C. in air to form the solid solution of metal oxides powder agglomerate. The metal oxide powder was then deagglomerated by high frequency vibration through sonication in a MEK-ethanol solution containing a small amount of fish oil to result in an average particle size powder of about 0.8 microns. was prepared by the following procedure

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: NbxCe1-xO2 where x is from about 0.02 to about 0.05 was prepared by the following procedure. A solution of niobium ethoxide was prepared in n-butanol solvent in a low moisture and low oxygen environment to prevent hydrolysis of the niobium ethoxide with moisture present in the air. A partial solution/emulsion of cerium (III) 2-ethyl hexanoate in n-butanol was prepared. Then, the niobium ethoxide solution is admixed with the cerium 2-ethyl hexanoate solution/emulsion in an amount to provide a desired solid solution of about 2 to 5 mole percent niobium dopant. Then, the solution/emulsion mixture was then dried at about 110° C. in air to begin to transform the gel into powder. Next, the dried material was thermally decomposed by calcination at about 650° C. in air to form the solid solution of metal oxides powder agglomerate. The metal oxide powder was then deagglomerated by high frequency vibration through sonication in a MEK-ethanol solution containing a small amount of fish oil to result in an average particle size powder of about 0.8 microns. was prepared by the following procedure

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Phosphoric acid (15.76 g; 85 wt. %) is diluted to 30 ml total volume with water. The aqueous phosphoric acid solution is poured over niobic acid (10.0 g; Niobium Products Corp., CBMM number AD222), and the mixture is stirred and dried according to the general procedure of Examples 4(a-d) to yield a niobium phosphate having a P/Nb mole ratio of 2.22. dried

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Phosphoric acid (11.82 g; 85 wt. %) is diluted to 30 ml total volume with water. The aqueous phosphoric acid solution is poured over niobic acid (10.0 g; Niobium Products Corp., CBMM number AD222), and the mixture is stirred and dried according to the general procedure of Examples 4(a-d) to yield a niobium phosphate having a P/Nb mole ratio of 1.41. dried

Conditions: temp:150.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixture is prepared containing niobic acid, Nb2O5.xH2O, (60.33 g; 0.211 moles; Niobium Products Company, AD-460) and 85% phosphoric acid (602.20 g; 5.22 moles). The mixture is heated to 150° C. with stirring. The niobium oxide dissolves to form a pink solution, and upon heating a precipitate forms. The precipitate is boiled in the phosphoric acid for about 2 hours. The boiled mixture is cooled to room temperature, and the liquid phase is decanted from the precipitate. The precipitate is washed by stirring with 500 ml of water, after which the aqueous mixture is filtered. The washing and filtering cycle is repeated five times. The filtered solid is dried at 110° C. under air for 21/2 days to yield a catalyst of niobium phosphate. The elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction pattern of the catalyst are consistent with the composition NbOPO4. The P/Nb mole ratio, as determined by neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence, is 1.03. A mixture is prepared containing niobic acid, Nb2O5 to form a pink solution upon heating a precipitate forms The boiled mixture is cooled to room temperature the liquid phase is decanted from the precipitate The precipitate is washed by stirring with 500 ml of water after which the aqueous mixture is filtered The washing and filtering cycle The filtered solid is dried at 110° C. under air for 21/2 days

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: NbxCe1-xO2 where x is from about 0.02 to about 0.05 was prepared by the following procedure. A solution of niobium ethoxide was prepared in n-butanol solvent in a low moisture and low oxygen environment to prevent hydrolysis of the niobium ethoxide with moisture present in the air. A partial solution/emulsion of cerium (III) 2-ethyl hexanoate in n-butanol was prepared. Then, the niobium ethoxide solution is admixed with the cerium 2-ethyl hexanoate solution/emulsion in an amount to provide a desired solid solution of about 2 to 5 mole percent niobium dopant. Then, the solution/emulsion mixture was then dried at about 110° C. in air to begin to transform the gel into powder. Next, the dried material was thermally decomposed by calcination at about 650° C. in air to form the solid solution of metal oxides powder agglomerate. The metal oxide powder was then deagglomerated by high frequency vibration through sonication in a MEK-ethanol solution containing a small amount of fish oil to result in an average particle size powder of about 0.8 microns. was prepared by the following procedure