(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The present inventors assiduously continued to study in order to obtain a crystalline sugar from a mixture containing D-psicose and D-allose obtained in high yield by the reaction of L-rhamnose isomerase (L-RhI). obtained

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The teachings also provide a method of preparing the extracts. The methods comprise isolating a crude extract from Astragalus membranaceus and mildly treating the crude extract with an acid. The mildly treating includes applying the acid to the crude extract at a concentration ranging from about 0.05M to about 0.5M, at a temperature ranging from about 15° C. to 25° C., and for a time ranging from about 1 hour to about 24 hours. The temperature and time for applying the acid are selected to obtain an arabinose:galactose ratio greater than about 3.5:1; from about 5% to about 10% rhamnose; from about 15% to about 20% galactose; from about 10% to about 20% galacturonic acid; from about 10% to about 15% glucose; and a high yield. The high yield is substantially higher than a yield of an extract of the Astragalus membranaceus produced using a second process that includes applying the acid to the crude extract at a temperature and time selected to obtain an arabinose:galactose ratio of less than 3.5:1, 20%-35% galactose, and less than about 10% glucose. In some embodiments, the arabinose:galactose ratio can reduced to within a range of about 4.0:1 to about 4.5:1, about 3.75:1 to about 4.5:1, about 3.8:1 to about 4.25:1, or any range therein. The high yield an extract of the Astragalus membranaceus produced extract at a temperature and time

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Illustrative of a process for obtaining L-rhamnose from naringin is described by G. N. Pulley, et al., "Preparation of Rhamnose from Naringin", J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 61, p. 175 (1939), in which naringin is hydrolyzed by refluxing it with sulphuric acid (~3.7%). Glucose, L-rhamnose, naringenin and other reaction products are formed by the reaction. The reaction medium is cooled and naringenin, which is semi-solid, is separated from the cooled reaction medium. The remaining filtrate then is neutralized and heated to boiling in the presence of charcoal. The charcoal treated product is concentrated in vacuo and then is inoculated with yeast to ferment glucose. L-rhamnose is isolated from the fermented liquor by several steps of concentration in vacuo and washing.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The teachings also provide a method of preparing the extracts. The methods comprise isolating a crude extract from Astragalus membranaceus and mildly treating the crude extract with an acid. The mildly treating includes applying the acid to the crude extract at a concentration ranging from about 0.05M to about 0.5M, at a temperature ranging from about 15° C. to 25° C., and for a time ranging from about 1 hour to about 24 hours. The temperature and time for applying the acid are selected to obtain an arabinose:galactose ratio greater than about 3.5:1; from about 5% to about 10% rhamnose; from about 15% to about 20% galactose; from about 10% to about 20% galacturonic acid; from about 10% to about 15% glucose; and a high yield. The high yield is substantially higher than a yield of an extract of the Astragalus membranaceus produced using a second process that includes applying the acid to the crude extract at a temperature and time selected to obtain an arabinose:galactose ratio of less than 3.5:1, 20%-35% galactose, and less than about 10% glucose. In some embodiments, the arabinose:galactose ratio can reduced to within a range of about 4.0:1 to about 4.5:1, about 3.75:1 to about 4.5:1, about 3.8:1 to about 4.25:1, or any range therein. The high yield an extract of the Astragalus membranaceus produced extract at a temperature and time

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The plasmid pBRsaCH3 (Example 1) was used for cloning the rMET1 antibody (Example 9). In this case, the kappa and heavy chains were engineered with human ceruloplasmin and human neutrophil defensin signal sequences, respectively (Example 9). This plasmid was electroporated into E. coli strain DH10B rha+ to generate clone rMET1.LS. 1, which was cultured under 10 μg/mL tetracycline selection. The plasmid was also electroporated into E. coli strain ECL339 rha− to generate clone rMET1.ECL. 1 which was cultured under 100 μg/mL ampicillin selection.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The plasmid pBRsaCH3 (Example 1) was used for cloning the rMET1 antibody (Example 9). In this case, the kappa and heavy chains were engineered with human ceruloplasmin and human neutrophil defensin signal sequences, respectively (Example 9). This plasmid was electroporated into E. coli strain DH10B rha+ to generate clone rMET1.LS. 1, which was cultured under 10 μg/mL tetracycline selection. The plasmid was also electroporated into E. coli strain ECL339 rha− to generate clone rMET1.ECL. 1 which was cultured under 100 μg/mL ampicillin selection.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The plasmid pBRsaCH3 (Example 1) was used for cloning the rMET1 antibody (Example 9). In this case, the kappa and heavy chains were engineered with human ceruloplasmin and human neutrophil defensin signal sequences, respectively (Example 9). This plasmid was electroporated into E. coli strain DH10B rha+ to generate clone rMET1.LS. 1, which was cultured under 10 μg/mL tetracycline selection. The plasmid was also electroporated into E. coli strain ECL339 rha− to generate clone rMET1.ECL. 1 which was cultured under 100 μg/mL ampicillin selection.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The plasmid pBRsaCH3 (Example 1) was used for cloning the rMET1 antibody (Example 9). In this case, the kappa and heavy chains were engineered with human ceruloplasmin and human neutrophil defensin signal sequences, respectively (Example 9). This plasmid was electroporated into E. coli strain DH10B rha+ to generate clone rMET1.LS. 1, which was cultured under 10 μg/mL tetracycline selection. The plasmid was also electroporated into E. coli strain ECL339 rha− to generate clone rMET1.ECL. 1 which was cultured under 100 μg/mL ampicillin selection.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: 9 g of L-rhamnose and 13.5 g of stearylamine were stirred in 100 ml of 2-propanol and 50 ml of water at 50° C. until a clear solution had formed. After 50 hours at room temperature, the crystals were filtered off with suction, washed with ethanol and ether and dried in vacuo. the crystals were filtered off with suction washed with ethanol and ether dried in vacuo

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: 6-Deoxy-D-glucose→6-deoxy-D-arabino-hexulose (otherwise 6-deoxy-D-fructose)

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The plasmid pBRsacH3 (Example 1) was used for cloning the rMET1 antibody (Example 9). In this case, the kappa and heavy chains were engineered with human ceruloplasmin and human neutrophil defensin signal sequences, respectively (Example 9). This plasmid was electroporated into E. coli strain DH10B rha+ to generate clone rMET1.LS.1, which was cultured under 10 μg/mL tetracycline selection. The plasmid was also electroporated into E. coli strain ECL339 rha− to generate clone rMET1.ECL.1 which was cultured under 100 μg/mL ampicillin selection.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: In this manner, the rhamnose residue is cleaved from rutin, thereby yielding the desired isoquercitrin as well as rhamnose.