2-ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid

Conditions: temp:80.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 604.45 g (2.3 mol, 1 eq.) portion of PPh3 was dissolved in 724 mL CCl4 in a 2 L three-necked round-bottom flask under N2 to give a hazy solution. A stirbar was added and the flask was fitted with a water-cooled condenser topped with a N2 inlet/outlet, mechanical stirrer and shaft, and an addition funnel. The addition funnel was charged with a solution of ExxonMobil Neoheptanoic Acid Prime (300 g, 2.30 mol uncorrected for purity) in 300 mL CCl4. This material was 94.1% purity with an isomer balance of 43.0% 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid (DMPA), 37.6% 2-ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid (EMBA), and 13.5% 2,2,3-trimethylbutanoic acid (TMBA) by GC analysis (using FID detection; uncorrected for response factor). The acid solution was added dropwise at room temperature while stirring over a 1 hour period. No immediate reaction was observed other than a decrease in haziness to give a clear solution. After stirring under N2 for an additional hour at room temperature, the addition funnel was removed and the contents of the flask were heated at reflux (˜80° C.) for 3 h. The formation of a white precipitate was observed upon heating. Subsequently, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. Solvent was removed from the filtrate using a rotary evaporator. The residue was cooled in a refrigerator for 24 h and subsequently crushed with a spatula and extracted with 800 mL hexane for 2 hours. Solids were removed by filtration and the hexane filtrate depleted of volatiles using a rotary evaporator and high vacuum (at 50° C.) to give 200 g of a crude material containing product, phosphine-containing residues, unreacted acid, and other species (most likely neoheptanoic anhydrides). Fractional distillation of the crude material gave neoheptanoic acid chloride as the first boiling fraction (50° C./2.4×10−2 torr; 57.4 g, 17%); higher boiling fractions contained species assigned as neoheptanoic anhydrides (13C NMR C═O 173.1-173.0 ppm; IR υC═O 1808 and 1741 cm−1) and free acids. Elemental analysis calc. for C17H13ClO: C, 56.57; H, 8.82; Cl, 23.85; O, 10.76. Found: C, 56.64; H, 8.96; Cl, 23.60. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): δ 2.17 (septet, J=6.9 Hz, CHMe2 of TMBA), 1.81 (app. sextet, J=7.3 Hz), 1.64-1.53 (m), and 1.35-1.29 (m) (probably CH2 groups of EMBA and DMPA), 1.28 (s, probably CMe2 of DMPA), 1.21 and 1.20 (2 singlets, probably CMeEt of EMBA and CMe2 of TMBA), 0.94-0.88 (m, CHMe2 of TMBA, CH2Me of EMBA, and CH2Me of DMPA). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz): δ 180.53 (C═O of TMBA), 180.11 (C═O of DMPA), 179.75 (C═O of EMBA), 57.23 (CMeEt of EMBA), 56.17 (CMe2 of TMBA), 52.84 (CMe2 of DMPA), 42.55 (CH2 of DMPA), 34.34 (CHMe2 of TMBA), 31.41 (CH2 of EMBA), 25.11 (CMe2 of DMPA), 21.46 (CMe2 of TMBA), 20.38 (CMeEt of EMBA), 17.93 (CH2Me of DMPA), 17.22 (CHMe2 of TMBA), 14.32 (CH2Me of DMPA), 8.58 (CH2Me of EMBA). Isomer ratio (average of C═O and CR2 resonances): 12.6% TMBA, 42.1% EMBA, 45.4% DMPA. IR (NaCl disk): 2970 (s), 2940 (sh), 2877 (sh), 1789 (vs, υC═O), 1698 (m, may be acid υC═O from incidental hydrolysis), 1460 (m), 1387 (w), 1369 (sh), 1194 (w), 1066 (w), 1009 (w), 975 (w), 961 (w), 916 (vs), 888 (m), 864 (m), 804 (vs), 756 (w), 743 (w) cm1. to give a hazy solution A stirbar was added cooled condenser topped with a N2 inlet/outlet, mechanical stirrer The acid solution was added dropwise at room temperature No immediate reaction to give a clear solution After stirring under N2 for an additional hour at room temperature the addition funnel was removed the contents of the flask were heated upon heating Subsequently, the mixture was cooled to room temperature filtered Solvent was removed from the filtrate a rotary evaporator The residue was cooled in a refrigerator for 24 h subsequently crushed with a spatula extracted with 800 mL hexane for 2 hours Solids were removed by filtration a rotary evaporator and high vacuum (at 50° C.) to give 200 g of a crude material Fractional distillation of the crude material

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution containing 13.0 g of 2-ethyl-2-methylbutyric acid and 9.1 g of thiosemicarbazide in 125 ml of dioxane was stirred and heated to 90° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was added dropwise over thirty minutes 15.3 g of phosphorus oxychloride. Following complete addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours. The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. and added to 100 g of ice. The aqueous mixture was made alkaline by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, washed with water, dried, and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to afford 17.0 g of 2-amino-5-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. To the stirred reaction mixture addition the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate washed with water dried the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution containing 13.0 g of 2-ethyl-2-methylbutyric acid and 9.1 g of thiosemicarbazide in 125 ml of dioxane was stirred and heated to 90° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was added dropwise over thirty minutes 15.3 g of phosphorus oxychloride. Following complete addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours. The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. and added to 100 g of ice. The aqueous mixture was made alkaline by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, washed with water, dried, and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to afford 17.0 g of 2-amino-5-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. To the stirred reaction mixture addition the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate washed with water dried the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution containing 13.0 g of 2-ethyl-2-methylbutyric acid and 9.1 g of thiosemicarbazide in 125 ml of dioxane was stirred and heated to 90° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was added dropwise over thirty minutes 15.3 g of phosphorous oxychloride. Following complete addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours. The mixture was then cooled to abiout 30° C. and added to 100 g of ice. The aqueous mixture was made alkaline by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, washed with water, dried, and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to afford 17.0 g of 2-amino-5-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. To the stirred reaction mixture addition the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours The mixture was then cooled to abiout 30° C. the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate washed with water dried the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution containing 13.0 g of 2-ethyl-2-methylbutyric acid and 9.1 g of thiosemicarbazide in 125 ml of dioxane was stirred and heated to 90° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was added dropwise over thirty minutes 15.3 g of phosphorous oxychloride. Following complete addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours. The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. and added to 100 g of ice. The aqueous mixture was made alkaline by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, washed with water, dried, and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to afford 17.0 g of 2-amino-5-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. To the stirred reaction mixture addition the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate washed with water dried the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution containing 13.0 g of 2-ethyl-2-methylbutyric acid and 9.1 g of thiosemicarbazide in 125 ml of dioxane was stirred and heated to 90° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was added dropwise over thirty minutes 15.3 g of phosphorous oxychloride. Following complete addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours. The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. and added to 100 g of ice. The aqueous mixture was made alkaline by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, washed with water, dried, and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to afford 17.0 g of 2-amino-5-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. To the stirred reaction mixture addition the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate washed with water dried the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution containing 13.0 g of 2-ethyl-2-methylbutyric acid and 9.1 g of thiosemicarbazide in 125 ml of dioxane was stirred and heated to 90° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was added dropwise over thirty minutes 15.3 g of phosphorous oxychloride. Following complete addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours. The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. and added to 100 g of ice. The aqueous mixture was made alkaline by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, washed with water, dried, and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to afford 17.0 g of 2-amino-5-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. To the stirred reaction mixture addition the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate washed with water dried the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution containing 13.0 g of 2-ethyl-2-methylbutyric acid and 9.1 g of thiosemicarbazide in 125 ml of dioxane was stirred and heated to 90° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was added dropwise over thirty minutes 15.3 g of phosphorous oxychloride. Following complete addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours. The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. and added to 100 g of ice. The aqueous mixture was made alkaline by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, washed with water, dried, and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to afford 17.0 g of 2-amino-5-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. To the stirred reaction mixture addition the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate washed with water dried the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:50.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: 0.20 mol (63.4 g) 4-ethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-1-aminohexane-1,1-di-phosphonic acid (IV) R2 =R3 =CH2CH3, R4 =CH3) were suspended in 600 ml 2N hydrochloric acidd and a solution of 0.8 mol (55.2 g) sodium nitrite dissolved in 1104 ml water were added dropwise to the resulting suspension with stirring over a period of 7 hours at 50° C. 2-Ethyl-2-methyl-butyric acid was formed as the organic phase and was extracted with ether. Unused nitrous acid was removed with hydrazine before working up. The aqueous phase was concentrated to around 300 ml in a rotary evaporator and alkylized to pH 9 with sodium hydroxide. The tetrasodium salt of hydroxyacetonitrile diphosphonic acid (III, M=Na) crystallized out from the cold solution in the form of the octahydrate. The yield comprised 65% (58.4 g). were added dropwise to the resulting suspension

Conditions: temp:80.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A 604.45 g (2.3 mol, 1 eq.) portion of PPh3 was dissolved in 724 mL CCl4 in a 2 L three-necked round-bottom flask under N2 to give a hazy solution. A stirbar was added and the flask was fitted with a water-cooled condenser topped with a N2 inlet/outlet, mechanical stirrer and shaft, and an addition funnel. The addition funnel was charged with a solution of ExxonMobil Neoheptanoic Acid Prime (300 g, 2.30 mol uncorrected for purity) in 300 mL CCl4. This material was 94.1% purity with an isomer balance of 43.0% 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid (DMPA), 37.6% 2-ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid (EMBA), and 13.5% 2,2,3-trimethylbutanoic acid (TMBA) by GC analysis (using FID detection; uncorrected for response factor). The acid solution was added dropwise at room temperature while stirring over a 1 hour period. No immediate reaction was observed other than a decrease in haziness to give a clear solution. After stirring under N2 for an additional hour at room temperature, the addition funnel was removed and the contents of the flask were heated at reflux (˜80° C.) for 3 h. The formation of a white precipitate was observed upon heating. Subsequently, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. Solvent was removed from the filtrate using a rotary evaporator. The residue was cooled in a refrigerator for 24 h and subsequently crushed with a spatula and extracted with 800 mL hexane for 2 hours. Solids were removed by filtration and the hexane filtrate depleted of volatiles using a rotary evaporator and high vacuum (at 50° C.) to give 200 g of a crude material containing product, phosphine-containing residues, unreacted acid, and other species (most likely neoheptanoic anhydrides). Fractional distillation of the crude material gave neoheptanoic acid chloride as the first boiling fraction (50° C./2.4×10−2 torr; 57.4 g, 17%); higher boiling fractions contained species assigned as neoheptanoic anhydrides (13C NMR C═O 173.1-173.0 ppm; IR υC═O 1808 and 1741 cm−1) and free acids. Elemental analysis calc. for C17H13ClO: C, 56.57; H, 8.82; Cl, 23.85; O, 10.76. Found: C, 56.64; H, 8.96; Cl, 23.60. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): δ 2.17 (septet, J=6.9 Hz, CHMe2 of TMBA), 1.81 (app. sextet, J=7.3 Hz), 1.64-1.53 (m), and 1.35-1.29 (m) (probably CH2 groups of EMBA and DMPA), 1.28 (s, probably CMe2 of DMPA), 1.21 and 1.20 (2 singlets, probably CMeEt of EMBA and CMe2 of TMBA), 0.94-0.88 (m, CHMe2 of TMBA, CH2Me of EMBA, and CH2Me of DMPA). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz): δ 180.53 (C═O of TMBA), 180.11 (C═O of DMPA), 179.75 (C═O of EMBA), 57.23 (CMeEt of EMBA), 56.17 (CMe2 of TMBA), 52.84 (CMe2 of DMPA), 42.55 (CH2 of DMPA), 34.34 (CHMe2 of TMBA), 31.41 (CH2 of EMBA), 25.11 (CMe2 of DMPA), 21.46 (CMe2 of TMBA), 20.38 (CMeEt of EMBA), 17.93 (CH2Me of DMPA), 17.22 (CHMe2 of TMBA), 14.32 (CH2Me of DMPA), 8.58 (CH2Me of EMBA). Isomer ratio (average of C═O and CR2 resonances): 12.6% TMBA, 42.1% EMBA, 45.4% DMPA. IR (NaCl disk): 2970 (s), 2940 (sh), 2877 (sh), 1789 (vs, υC═O), 1698 (m, may be acid υC═O from incidental hydrolysis), 1460 (m), 1387 (w), 1369 (sh), 1194 (w), 1066 (w), 1009 (w), 975 (w), 961 (w), 916 (vs), 888 (m), 864 (m), 804 (vs), 756 (w), 743 (w) cm1. to give a hazy solution A stirbar was added cooled condenser topped with a N2 inlet/outlet, mechanical stirrer The acid solution was added dropwise at room temperature No immediate reaction to give a clear solution After stirring under N2 for an additional hour at room temperature the addition funnel was removed the contents of the flask were heated upon heating Subsequently, the mixture was cooled to room temperature filtered Solvent was removed from the filtrate a rotary evaporator The residue was cooled in a refrigerator for 24 h subsequently crushed with a spatula extracted with 800 mL hexane for 2 hours Solids were removed by filtration a rotary evaporator and high vacuum (at 50° C.) to give 200 g of a crude material Fractional distillation of the crude material

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution containing 13.0 g of 2-ethyl-2-methylbutyric acid and 9.1 g of thiosemicarbazide in 125 ml of dioxane was stirred and heated to 90° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was added dropwise over thirty minutes 15.3 g of phosphorus oxychloride. Following complete addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours. The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. and added to 100 g of ice. The aqueous mixture was made alkaline by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, washed with water, dried, and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to afford 17.0 g of 2-amino-5-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. To the stirred reaction mixture addition the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours The mixture was then cooled to about 30° C. the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate washed with water dried the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution containing 13.0 g of 2-ethyl-2-methylbutyric acid and 9.1 g of thiosemicarbazide in 125 ml of dioxane was stirred and heated to 90° C. To the stirred reaction mixture was added dropwise over thirty minutes 15.3 g of phosphorous oxychloride. Following complete addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours. The mixture was then cooled to abiout 30° C. and added to 100 g of ice. The aqueous mixture was made alkaline by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, washed with water, dried, and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to afford 17.0 g of 2-amino-5-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. To the stirred reaction mixture addition the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for six hours The mixture was then cooled to abiout 30° C. the alkaline solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate washed with water dried the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure