zirconium(4+);tetrahydroxide

Conditions: temp:80.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Catalyst preparation. A zirconium phosphate based catalyst was prepared by a co-precipitation method. A solution of zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4) as a zirconium precursor was dissolved in deionized water. To this solution, a stoichiometric amount of phosphoric acid as a phosphorus precursor was added. The resulting mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 hours to remove water, and a paste was obtained. The resulting paste was then dried in an oven at 100° C. overnight (about 12-18 hours) to remove the bulk of any remaining water, and to provide a powder. The powder was then calcined at 350° C. for 2 hours to obtain powdered zirconium phosphate. Catalyst preparation A zirconium phosphate based catalyst was prepared by a co-precipitation method to remove water a paste was obtained The resulting paste was then dried in an oven at 100° C. overnight (about 12-18 hours) to remove the bulk of any remaining water to provide a powder

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A zirconium-cerium-lanthanum composite oxide (Powder A1) was obtained by hydrolyzing a zirconium oxychloride solution thereby obtaining zirconium hydroxide, adding an aqueous nitric acid solution of cerium and lanthanum to the zirconium hydroxide and mixing them together, neutralizing the resultant mixture by addition of an alkali, washing, drying at 120° C. for two hours and calcining at 700° C. for one hour the product of neutralization, with the relevant components used in amounts calculated to form a weight ratio of 40 g of zirconium oxide, 20 g of cerium oxide, and 15 g of lanthanum oxide. mixing them together by addition of an alkali, washing drying at 120° C. for two hours

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: adding an aqueous solution of a zirconium salt to an aqueous slurry of antimony trioxide particles so that the proportion of the zirconium salt is about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight (as ZrO2) of the total weight of said composition to form zirconium hydroxide and deposit it onto the surfaces of the antimony trioxide particles;

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The antimony trioxide composition is prepared by adding an aqueous solution of a zirconium salt to an aqueous slurry of antimony trioxide particles to form zirconium hydroxide therein and to deposit the hydroxide on the surfaces of the antimony trioxide particles, recovering the particles and dehydrating them to form a coating of zirconium hydroxide on the particles, dispersing the hydrous zirconium oxide-coated particles in water, and then adding to the resulting aqueous dispersion a silica sol to deposit amorphous silica on the surfaces of the hydrous zirconium oxide coated antimony trioxide particles.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The antimony trioxide composition is prepared by adding an aqueous solution of a zirconium salt to an aqueous slurry of antimony trioxide particles to form zirconium hydroxide therein and to deposit the hydroxide on the surfaces of the antimony trioxide particles, recovering the particles and dehydrating them to form a coating of zirconium hydroxide on the particles, dispersing the hydrous zirconium oxide-coated particles in water, and then adding to the resulting aqueous dispersion a silica sol to deposit amorphous silica on the surfaces of the hydrous zirconium oxide coated antimony trioxide particles.

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Fine titanium oxide particle (Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., STR-100N) was added to water, to prepare 150 g/L aqueous slurry of TiO2. This slurry (5.0 L) was heated to 90° C. under stirring. While maintaining this temperature, a 150 g/L aqueous solution of sodium silicate, which corresponded to 6% by mass (in terms of SiO2) of TiO2, was added to the slurry. Then, 30% sulfuric acid was added thereto over 180 minutes such that the pH of the slurry should be 9. The resultant slurry was aged for 60 minutes. Next, under stirring, the temperature of the slurry was regulated so as to be 45° C. While the pH of the slurry was maintained to 8.5, a 100 g/L aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride, which corresponded to 3.0% by mass (in terms of ZrO2) of TiO2, and 30% aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to the slurry as a single portion over 90 minutes. The resultant slurry was aged for 30 minutes. Then, under stirring, while the pH of the slurry was maintained to 8.5, a 250 g/L aqueous solution of sodium aluminate, which corresponded to 4.5% by mass (in terms of Al2O3) of TiO2, and 30% sulfuric acid were added to the slurry as a single portion over 120 minutes. The resultant slurry was aged for 30 minutes. Thus, on the surface of TiO2, coating layers of silicon hydroxide, zirconium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide were formed in the order as set forth. to prepare 150 g/L aqueous slurry of TiO2 While maintaining this temperature was added to the slurry The resultant slurry was aged for 60 minutes Next, under stirring to be 45° C While the pH of the slurry was maintained to 8.5 were added to the slurry as a single portion over 90 minutes The resultant slurry was aged for 30 minutes Then, under stirring, while the pH of the slurry was maintained to 8.5 were added to the slurry as a single portion over 120 minutes The resultant slurry was aged for 30 minutes

Conditions: temp:80.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: TiO2 particles (average particle diameter: 0.26 μm) produced through sulfuric acid process was added to water, to prepare aqueous slurry (TiO2 concentration: 400 g/L). This slurry (0.5 L) was heated to 80° C. under stirring. While maintaining this temperature, a 150 g/L aqueous solution of sodium silicate, which corresponded to 5% by mass (in terms of SiO2) of TiO2, was added to the slurry. Then, 30% sulfuric acid was added thereto over 120 minutes such that the pH of the mixture should be 7. The resultant slurry was aged for 30 minutes. Next, under stirring, the temperature of the slurry was regulated so as to be 40° C. While the pH of the slurry was maintained to 7, a 100 g/L aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride, which corresponded to 1% by mass (in terms of ZrO2) of TiO2, and 30% aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to the slurry as a single portion over 60 minutes. The resultant slurry was aged for 30 minutes. Then, under stirring, while the pH of the slurry was maintained to 7, a 250 g/L aqueous solution of sodium aluminate, which corresponded to 2% by mass (in terms of Al2O3) of TiO2, and 30% sulfuric acid were added as a single portion to the slurry over 60 minutes. The resultant slurry was aged for 60 minutes. Thus, on the surface of TiO2, coating layers of silicon hydroxide, zirconium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide were formed in the order as set forth. to prepare aqueous slurry (TiO2 concentration: 400 g/L) While maintaining this temperature was added to the slurry The resultant slurry was aged for 30 minutes Next, under stirring to be 40° C While the pH of the slurry was maintained to 7 were added to the slurry as a single portion over 60 minutes The resultant slurry was aged for 30 minutes Then, under stirring, while the pH of the slurry was maintained to 7 were added as a single portion to the slurry over 60 minutes The resultant slurry was aged for 60 minutes

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: An equimolar solutions of titanium chloride (TiCl4) and zirconium chloride (ZrCl4) in anhydrous ethanol are mixed and treated with excess aqueous ammonia solution to obtain a co-precipitate of titanium hydroxide and zirconium hydroxide. After working up said co-precipitate in a manner similar in example 1 it is calcined at 500° C. to obtain a support which is then impregnated with an appropriate amount of aqueous nickel oxalate solution and dried at 90° C. so as to obtain a supported catalyst which contains 2% by weight of nickel catalyst. The supported catalyst is then divided into four equal portions which are all reduced in reactors with hydrogen at respectively 250° C., 300° C., 400° C. and 500° C. The supported catalysts thus reduced are then tested for their activity in the conversion of benzene under the following conditions:

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: An equimolar solutions of titanium chloride (TiCl4) and zirconium chloride (ZrCl4) in anhydrous ethanol are mixed and treated with excess aqueous ammonia solution to obtain a co-precipitate of titanium hydroxide and zirconium hydroxide. After working up said co-precipitate in a manner similar in example 1 it is calcined at 500° C. to obtain a support which is then impregnated with an appropriate amount of aqueous nickel oxalate solution and dried at 90° C. so as to obtain a supported catalyst which contains 2% by weight of nickel catalyst. The supported catalyst is then divided into four equal portions which are all reduced in reactors with hydrogen at respectively 250° C., 300° C., 400° C. and 500° C. The supported catalysts thus reduced are then tested for their activity in the conversion of benzene under the following conditions:

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: An equimolar quantity of titanium n-butoxide [Ti(OC4H9)4 ] and zirconium chloride (ZnCl4) is dissolved respectively in an appropriate amount of anhydrous ethyl alcohol. After two ethyl alcohol solutions are mixed, the mixture is added dropwise to an excess of aqueous ammonia solution to obtain a white co-precipitate of titanium hydroxide with zirconium hydroxide. The co-precipitate is collected by filtration and then washed with de-ionized water until the solution is free of chloride ion. After being dried at 100° C. the co-precipitate is calcined in air at 500° C. for 2 hours to obtain the support of this example. 3.4 ml of 1.0M nickel nitrate solution is mixed well with the above support, the mixture is then dried at 90° C. whereby a supported catalyst which contains as 2wt% of nickel is obtained.

Conditions: temp:80.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: Catalyst preparation. A zirconium phosphate based catalyst was prepared by a co-precipitation method. A solution of zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4) as a zirconium precursor was dissolved in deionized water. To this solution, a stoichiometric amount of phosphoric acid as a phosphorus precursor was added. The resulting mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 hours to remove water, and a paste was obtained. The resulting paste was then dried in an oven at 100° C. overnight (about 12-18 hours) to remove the bulk of any remaining water, and to provide a powder. The powder was then calcined at 350° C. for 2 hours to obtain powdered zirconium phosphate. Catalyst preparation A zirconium phosphate based catalyst was prepared by a co-precipitation method to remove water a paste was obtained The resulting paste was then dried in an oven at 100° C. overnight (about 12-18 hours) to remove the bulk of any remaining water to provide a powder

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A zirconium-cerium-lanthanum composite oxide (Powder A1) was obtained by hydrolyzing a zirconium oxychloride solution thereby obtaining zirconium hydroxide, adding an aqueous nitric acid solution of cerium and lanthanum to the zirconium hydroxide and mixing them together, neutralizing the resultant mixture by addition of an alkali, washing, drying at 120° C. for two hours and calcining at 700° C. for one hour the product of neutralization, with the relevant components used in amounts calculated to form a weight ratio of 40 g of zirconium oxide, 20 g of cerium oxide, and 15 g of lanthanum oxide. mixing them together by addition of an alkali, washing drying at 120° C. for two hours