5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixture of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (3.20 g, 13.9 mmol), sodium carbonate (3.68 g, 34.7 mmol), and 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid (2.41 g, 15.9 mmol) in EtOH (18 mL), toluene (18 mL) and water (18 mL) was degassed with N2 for 15 minutes, treated with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (1.20 g, 0.99 mmol) and heated to 90° C. for 23 hours. The cooled reaction mixture was poured into half-saturated NH4Cl solution (200 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×120 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting dark solid was purified by flash chromatography (5-20% EtOAc/heptane) to give the title compound (1.40 g, 39%) as a white solid. MS (ES+) 258.5 (M+H)+. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.16 (br. s., 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.55 (br. s., 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H). was degassed with N2 for 15 minutes The cooled reaction mixture extracted with dichloromethane (3×120 mL) The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 concentrated in vacuo The resulting dark solid was purified by flash chromatography (5-20% EtOAc/heptane)

Conditions: temp:0.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixture of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (15.1 g, 65.5 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (100 mL), pyridine (18.4 mL, 229 mmol) and DMAP (808 mg, 6.55 mmol) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with trichloroacetyl chloride (22.1 mL, 197 mmol) dropwise over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 64 hours then cooled to 10° C. Methanol (100 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture over 10 minutes, producing a dark homogenous solution. Potassium carbonate (54.9 g, 393 mmol) was then added portion-wise and the ice bath was removed. Stirring was kept at a vigorous pace and allowed to continue for 2 hours, during which time the reaction turned dark green and produced an exotherm. The reaction was quenched slowly with 1M HCl (until acidic pH was maintained) and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 1M HCl. The aqueous layer was back-extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were then washed carefully with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution followed by brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound as a brown solid (18.7 g, 99%). then cooled to 10° C producing a dark homogenous solution the ice bath was removed Stirring to continue for 2 hours, during which time produced an exotherm The reaction was quenched slowly with 1M HCl (until acidic pH was maintained) diluted with ethyl acetate The organic layer was washed with 1M HCl The aqueous layer was back-extracted twice with ethyl acetate The combined organic layers were then washed carefully with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate filtered concentrated in vacuo

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (5.92 g, 25.7 mmol), sodium carbonate (5.45 g, 51.4 mmol) and (4-ethoxyphenyl)boronic acid (5.12 g, 30.8 mmol) in EtOH/water/toluene (30 mL, each) was degassed with N2 for 5 minutes, treated with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (1.8 g, 16.57 mmol) and degassed for an additional 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux under N2 for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into dilute NH4Cl solution (200 mL), and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (9-25% EtOAc/petroleum ether) to afford the title compound (6.03 g, 86%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.07 (br, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, 2H), 7.15 (m, 1H), 6.89 (d, 2H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 4.02 (q, J=7.00 Hz, 2H), 1.36 (t, J=7.00 Hz, 3H). degassed for an additional 5 minutes The reaction mixture was heated to reflux under N2 for 16 hours poured into dilute NH4Cl solution (200 mL) extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×100 mL) The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL) dried over Na2SO4 concentrated in vacuo The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (9-25% EtOAc/petroleum ether)

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To a stirred mixture of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (60 g, 260 mmol), N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (3.21 g, 26.0 mmol), pyridine (56.5 mL, 703 mmol), and tetrahydrofuran (400 mL) was added in drops at 0° C. neat trichloroacetyl chloride (70.1 mL, 625 mmol). The obtained mixture was warmed to room temperature in 2 h (a precipitate began to form) and was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. Added in drops 110 ml of methanol at 0-10° C. followed by 70 ml of 25% sodium methoxide in methanol (680 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was then stirred at 45° C. for 3 h. Then 250 ml of water and 200 ml of MTBE were added. The organic extract was separated, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated at 50° C. and 90 mm Hg to ˜¼ of the initial volume. Precipitate was filtered off, washed with MTBE, and dried in vacuum at 45° C. to obtain the title compound (39.9 g, 53% yield). The mother liquor was concentrated to a heavy slurry. Methanol (400 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 4 h and slowly cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solid was filtered off, washed with methanol, and dried in vacuo at 45° C. to obtain additional title compound (16.88 g, 22%). Total yield=75%. MS (ES−): 288.0, 290.0 (M+H)+1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) ppm 12.17 (br. s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H). to form) and The mixture was then stirred at 45° C. for 3 h The organic extract was separated washed with brine dried over magnesium sulfate concentrated at 50° C. Precipitate was filtered off washed with MTBE dried in vacuum at 45° C.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A round-bottom flask was charged with DMF (54 mL). Phosphorus oxychloride (6.21 mL, 66.8 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes, and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 5 minutes. A solution of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (7700 mg, 33.41 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture, which caused a precipitate to form. The reaction mixture was then heated to 95° C. for 25 minutes. The reaction mixture was treated with 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide (170 mL) and water (170 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 11 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and the solids were collected by filtration. The solids were washed with water (50 mL) and diethyl ether (50 mL) and dried in vacuo for 16 hours at 65° C. to afford the title compound (7.77 g, 90%) as a tan solid. MS (AP+) 257.9 (M+H)+. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.93 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H). to form The reaction mixture was then heated to 95° C. for 25 minutes The reaction mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 11 minutes The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. the solids were collected by filtration The solids were washed with water (50 mL) and diethyl ether (50 mL) dried in vacuo for 16 hours at 65° C.

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixture of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (3.20 g, 13.9 mmol), sodium carbonate (3.68 g, 34.7 mmol), and 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid (2.41 g, 15.9 mmol) in EtOH (18 mL), toluene (18 mL) and water (18 mL) was degassed with N2 for 15 minutes, treated with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (1.20 g, 0.99 mmol) and heated to 90° C. for 23 hours. The cooled reaction mixture was poured into half-saturated NH4Cl solution (200 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×120 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting dark solid was purified by flash chromatography (5-20% EtOAc/heptane) to give the title compound (1.40 g, 39%) as a white solid. MS (ES+) 258.5 (M+H)+. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.16 (br. s., 1 H), 7.56 (s, 1 H), 7.42 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.24 (s, 1 H), 6.98 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2 H), 6.55 (br. s., 1 H), 3.88 (s, 3 H). was degassed with N2 for 15 minutes The cooled reaction mixture extracted with dichloromethane (3×120 mL) The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 concentrated in vacuo The resulting dark solid was purified by flash chromatography (5-20% EtOAc/heptane)

Conditions: temp:90.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixture of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (3.20 g, 13.9 mmol), sodium carbonate (3.68 g, 34.7 mmol), and 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid (2.41 g, 15.9 mmol) in EtOH (18 mL), toluene (18 mL) and water (18 mL) was degassed with N2 for 15 minutes, treated with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (1.20 g, 0.99 mmol) and heated to 90° C. for 23 hours. The cooled reaction mixture was poured into half-saturated NH4Cl solution (200 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×120 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting dark solid was purified by flash chromatography (5-20% EtOAc/heptane) to give the title compound (1.40 g, 39%) as a white solid. MS (ES+) 258.5 (M+H)+. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.16 (br. s., 1 H), 7.56 (s, 1 H), 7.42 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.24 (s, 1 H), 6.98 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2 H), 6.55 (br. s., 1 H), 3.88 (s, 3 H). was degassed with N2 for 15 minutes The cooled reaction mixture extracted with dichloromethane (3×120 mL) The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 concentrated in vacuo The resulting dark solid was purified by flash chromatography (5-20% EtOAc/heptane)

Conditions: temp:0.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixture of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (15.1 g, 65.5 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (100 mL), pyridine (18.4 mL, 229 mmol) and DMAP (808 mg, 6.55 mmol) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with trichloroacetyl chloride (22.1 mL, 197 mmol) dropwise over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 64 hours then cooled to 10° C. Methanol (100 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture over 10 minutes, producing a dark homogenous solution. Potassium carbonate (54.9 g, 393 mmol) was then added portion-wise and the ice bath was removed. Stirring was kept at a vigorous pace and allowed to continue for 2 hours, during which time the reaction turned dark green and produced an exotherm. The reaction was quenched slowly with 1 M HCl (until acidic pH was maintained) and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 1 M HCl. The aqueous layer was back-extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were then washed carefully with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution followed by brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound as a brown solid (18.7 g, 99%). then cooled to 10° C producing a dark homogenous solution the ice bath was removed Stirring to continue for 2 hours, during which time produced an exotherm The reaction was quenched slowly with 1 M HCl (until acidic pH was maintained) diluted with ethyl acetate The organic layer was washed with 1 M HCl The aqueous layer was back-extracted twice with ethyl acetate The combined organic layers were then washed carefully with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate filtered concentrated in vacuo

Conditions: temp:0.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixture of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (15.1 g, 65.5 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (100 mL), pyridine (18.4 mL, 229 mmol) and DMAP (808 mg, 6.55 mmol) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with trichloroacetyl chloride (22.1 mL, 197 mmol) dropwise over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 64 hours then cooled to 10° C. Methanol (100 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture over 10 minutes, producing a dark homogenous solution. Potassium carbonate (54.9 g, 393 mmol) was then added portion-wise and the ice bath was removed. Stirring was kept at a vigorous pace and allowed to continue for 2 hours, during which time the reaction turned dark green and produced an exotherm. The reaction was quenched slowly with 1 M HCl (until acidic pH was maintained) and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 1 M HCl. The aqueous layer was back-extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were then washed carefully with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution followed by brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound as a brown solid (18.7 g, 99%). then cooled to 10° C producing a dark homogenous solution the ice bath was removed Stirring to continue for 2 hours, during which time produced an exotherm The reaction was quenched slowly with 1 M HCl (until acidic pH was maintained) diluted with ethyl acetate The organic layer was washed with 1 M HCl The aqueous layer was back-extracted twice with ethyl acetate The combined organic layers were then washed carefully with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate filtered concentrated in vacuo

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A solution of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (5.92 g, 25.7 mmol), sodium carbonate (5.45 g, 51.4 mmol) and (4-ethoxyphenyl)boronic acid (5.12 g, 30.8 mmol) in EtOH/water/toluene (30 mL, each) was degassed with N2 for 5 minutes, treated with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (1.8 g, 16.57 mmol) and degassed for an additional 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux under N2 for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into dilute NH4Cl solution (200 mL), and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (9-25% EtOAc/petroleum ether) to afford the title compound (6.03 g, 86%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.07 (br, 1 H), 7.50 (s, 1 H), 7.43 (s, 1 H), 7.33 (d, 2 H), 7.15 (m, 1 H), 6.89 (d, 2 H), 6.46 (s, 1 H), 4.02 (q, J=7.00 Hz, 2 H), 1.36 (t, J=7.00 Hz, 3 H). degassed for an additional 5 minutes The reaction mixture was heated to reflux under N2 for 16 hours poured into dilute NH4Cl solution (200 mL) extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×100 mL) The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL) dried over Na2SO4 concentrated in vacuo The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (9-25% EtOAc/petroleum ether)

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To a stirred mixture of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (60 g, 260 mmol), N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (3.21 g, 26.0 mmol), pyridine (56.5 mL, 703 mmol), and tetrahydrofuran (400 mL) was added in drops at 0° C. neat trichloroacetyl chloride (70.1 mL, 625 mmol). The obtained mixture was warmed to room temperature in 2 h (a precipitate began to form) and was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. Added in drops 110 ml of methanol at 0-10° C. followed by 70 ml of 25% sodium methoxide in methanol (680 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was then stirred at 45° C. for 3 h. Then 250 ml of water and 200 ml of MTBE were added. The organic extract was separated, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated at 50° C. and 90 mm Hg to ˜1/4 of the initial volume. Precipitate was filtered off, washed with MTBE, and dried in vacuum at 45° C. to obtain the title compound (39.9 g, 53% yield). The mother liquor was concentrated to a heavy slurry. Methanol (400 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 4 h and slowly cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solid was filtered off, washed with methanol, and dried in vacuo at 45° C. to obtain additional title compound (16.88 g, 22%). Total yield=75%. MS (ES−): 288.0, 290.0 (M+H)+ 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) ppm 12.17 (br. s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1 H), 8.18 (s, 1 H), 7.74 (s, 1 H), 3.82 (s, 3 H). to form) and The mixture was then stirred at 45° C. for 3 h The organic extract was separated washed with brine dried over magnesium sulfate concentrated at 50° C. Precipitate was filtered off washed with MTBE dried in vacuum at 45° C.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A round-bottom flask was charged with DMF (54 mL). Phosphorus oxychloride (6.21 mL, 66.8 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes, and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 5 minutes. A solution of 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indole (7700 mg, 33.41 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture, which caused a precipitate to form. The reaction mixture was then heated to 95° C. for 25 minutes. The reaction mixture was treated with 1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide (170 mL) and water (170 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 11 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and the solids were collected by filtration. The solids were washed with water (50 mL) and diethyl ether (50 mL) and dried in vacuo for 16 hours at 65° C. to afford the title compound (7.77 g, 90%) as a tan solid. MS (AP+) 257.9 (M+H)+. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.93 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H). to form The reaction mixture was then heated to 95° C. for 25 minutes The reaction mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 11 minutes The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. the solids were collected by filtration The solids were washed with water (50 mL) and diethyl ether (50 mL) dried in vacuo for 16 hours at 65° C.