tetrakis(ethenyl)silane

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The dendrimers selected for the toner additives of the present invention are, for example, illustrated in the documents mentioned herein. Dendrimers are known, and can be considered radially symmetrical molecules of a STARBURST topology comprised of an initiator core, such as nitrogen, ethylenediimine, silicon, and the like, interior layers attached to the core and comprised of, for example, three, four or more arms, each arm being composed of repeating units with the number of repeating units in each arm being considered the generation of the dendrimer, and terminal covalently bonded stable free radical functional groups, such as for example a nitroxyl compound attached to the outermost generation, which dendrimers having related terminal amine terminated groups are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,507,466; 4,631,337; 4,558,120; 4,568,737 and 4,587,329; and in D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor, and W. A. Goddard, Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl., 29, 138 (1990), the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The size and shape of the STARBURST dendrimer molecule and the functional groups present in the dendrimer molecule can be controlled by the choice of the initiator core, the number of generations, and the choice of repeating units employed at each generation. The choice of the dendrimer components can affect the properties of the dendrimers. The initiator core type can affect the dendrimer shape producing, for example, spheroid-shaped dendrimers, cylindrical- or rod-shaped dendrimers, or ellipsoid-shaped dendrimers. Sequential building of generations determines the dimensions of the dendrimers and the nature of its interior. Examples of core materials which have been successfully used include ammonia, polyfunctional alcohols, such as pentaerythritol or tris-(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-tris-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, polyfunctional amines, such as ethylene diamine, linear polyethyleneimines, and the like, carbosilanes such as tetravinylsilane as described, for example, in J. Roovers, P. M. Toporowski and L-L. Zhou, Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 182 (1992), and the like; polysiloxysilanes, such as those described, for example, in L. J. Mathias and T. W. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 4043 (1991), in H. Uchida, Y. Kabe, K. Yoshino, A. Kawamata, T. Tsumuraya, and S. Masamune, J. Am. Chem, Soc., 112, 7077 (1990), in A. Morikawa, M. Kakimoto, and Y. Imai, Macromolecules, 24, 3469 (1991), and the like; polyfunctional aromatic rings, such as benzoic acids, such as 3,5-diacetoxybenzoic acid, as illustrated, for example, in B. I. Voit and S. R. Turner, in Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 184 (1992); hyperbranched polyphenylenes such as those described by Y. H. Kim and O. W. Webster, in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 4592 (1990), hyperbranched polyarylenes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,630 and 5,070,183 to E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and the like. The chemical functionality of the repeating unit in the interior layers can include, for example, amidoamines, such as amino-ethyl acetamide, imines, such as diethylene diimine, ethers such as those obtained from materials such as, for example, 3,5-dihydroxyethyl benzyl alcohol, siloxanes, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, diphenylsiloxane, and the like, carbosilanes, such as ethyl silane and the like. The terminal functionalities include, for example, amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylates, esters, amides, phosphates, sulfonates, and the like. The synthesis of dendrimers usually occurs by a linear, convergent, or divergent aproaches. The divergent approach involves the initial reaction of a monomer with the initiator core, followed by exhaustive reaction of the resulting functional groups with a difunctional compound, such as a diamine, including, for example, ethylene diamine, to afford the next generation of reactive amino groups. Repetition of the two-step procedure leads to subsequent generations. An alternate synthetic route uses a convergent growth synthesis as described in detail in C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Examples of dendrimers prepared by the divergent method include STARBURST dendrimers available from the Michigan Molecular Institute, Dendrimer Microparticles available from Polysciences, Inc., in which the terminal functional groups are primary amino groups, and which range in average diameter of from about 10.8 Angstroms (first generation) to about 83.9 Angstroms (8th generation). Other dendrimers of interest, in embodiments, of the present invention include those as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,041,516; 4,857,599 and 4,694,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The dendrimers selected for the toner additives of the present invention are, for example, illustrated in the documents mentioned herein. Dendrimers are known, and can be considered radially symmetrical molecules of a STARBURST topology comprised of an initiator core, such as nitrogen, ethylenediimine, silicon, and the like, interior layers attached to the core and comprised of, for example, three, four or more arms, each arm being composed of repeating units with the number of repeating units in each arm being considered the generation of the dendrimer, and terminal covalently bonded stable free radical functional groups, such as for example a nitroxyl compound attached to the outermost generation, which dendrimers having related terminal amine terminated groups are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,507,466; 4,631,337; 4,558,120; 4,568,737 and 4,587,329; and in D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor, and W. A. Goddard, Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl., 29, 138 (1990), the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The size and shape of the STARBURST dendrimer molecule and the functional groups present in the dendrimer molecule can be controlled by the choice of the initiator core, the number of generations, and the choice of repeating units employed at each generation. The choice of the dendrimer components can affect the properties of the dendrimers. The initiator core type can affect the dendrimer shape producing, for example, spheroid-shaped dendrimers, cylindrical- or rod-shaped dendrimers, or ellipsoid-shaped dendrimers. Sequential building of generations determines the dimensions of the dendrimers and the nature of its interior. Examples of core materials which have been successfully used include ammonia, polyfunctional alcohols, such as pentaerythritol or tris-(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-tris-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, polyfunctional amines, such as ethylene diamine, linear polyethyleneimines, and the like, carbosilanes such as tetravinylsilane as described, for example, in J. Roovers, P. M. Toporowski and L-L. Zhou, Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 182 (1992), and the like; polysiloxysilanes, such as those described, for example, in L. J. Mathias and T. W. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 4043 (1991), in H. Uchida, Y. Kabe, K. Yoshino, A. Kawamata, T. Tsumuraya, and S. Masamune, J. Am. Chem, Soc., 112, 7077 (1990), in A. Morikawa, M. Kakimoto, and Y. Imai, Macromolecules, 24, 3469 (1991), and the like; polyfunctional aromatic rings, such as benzoic acids, such as 3,5-diacetoxybenzoic acid, as illustrated, for example, in B. I. Voit and S. R. Turner, in Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 184 (1992); hyperbranched polyphenylenes such as those described by Y. H. Kim and O. W. Webster, in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 4592 (1990), hyperbranched polyarylenes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,630 and 5,070,183 to E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and the like. The chemical functionality of the repeating unit in the interior layers can include, for example, amidoamines, such as amino-ethyl acetamide, imines, such as diethylene diimine, ethers such as those obtained from materials such as, for example, 3,5-dihydroxyethyl benzyl alcohol, siloxanes, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, diphenylsiloxane, and the like, carbosilanes, such as ethyl silane and the like. The terminal functionalities include, for example, amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylates, esters, amides, phosphates, sulfonates, and the like. The synthesis of dendrimers usually occurs by a linear, convergent, or divergent aproaches. The divergent approach involves the initial reaction of a monomer with the initiator core, followed by exhaustive reaction of the resulting functional groups with a difunctional compound, such as a diamine, including, for example, ethylene diamine, to afford the next generation of reactive amino groups. Repetition of the two-step procedure leads to subsequent generations. An alternate synthetic route uses a convergent growth synthesis as described in detail in C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Examples of dendrimers prepared by the divergent method include STARBURST dendrimers available from the Michigan Molecular Institute, Dendrimer Microparticles available from Polysciences, Inc., in which the terminal functional groups are primary amino groups, and which range in average diameter of from about 10.8 Angstroms (first generation) to about 83.9 Angstroms (8th generation). Other dendrimers of interest, in embodiments, of the present invention include those as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,041,516; 4,857,599 and 4,694,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The dendrimers selected for the toner additives of the present invention are, for example, illustrated in the documents mentioned herein. Dendrimers are known, and can be considered radially symmetrical molecules of a STARBURST™ topology comprised of an initiator core, such as nitrogen, ethylenediimine, silicon, and the like, interior layers attached to the core and comprised of, for example, three, four or more arms, each arm being composed of repeating units with the number of repeating units in each arm being considered the generation of the dendrimer, and terminal covalently bonded stable free radical functional groups, such as for example a nitroxyl compound attached to the outermost generation, which dendrimers having related terminal amine terminated groups are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,507,466; 4,631,337; 4,558,120; 4,568,737 and 4,587,329; and in D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor, and W. A. Goddard III, Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl.,29, 138 (1990), the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The size and shape of the STARBURST™ dendrimer molecule and the functional groups present in the dendrimer molecule can be controlled by the choice of the initiator core, the number of generations, and the choice of repeating units employed at each generation. The choice of the dendrimer components can affect the properties of the dendrimers. The initiator core type can affect the dendrimer shape producing, for example, spheroid-shaped dendrimers, cylindrical- or rod-shaped dendrimers, or ellipsoid-shaped dendrimers. Sequential building of generations determines the dimensions of the dendrimers and the nature of its interior. Examples of core materials which have been successfully used include ammonia, polyfunctional alcohols, such as pentaerythritol or tris-(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-tris-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, polyfunctional amines, such as ethylene diamine, linear polyethyleneimines, and the like, carbosilanes such as tetravinylsilane as described, for example, in J. Roovers, P. M. Toporowski and L-L. Zhou, Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 182 (1992), and the like; polysiloxysilanes, such as those described, for example, in L. J. Mathias and T. W. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 4043 (1991), in H. Uchida, Y. Kabe, K. Yoshino, A. Kawamata, T. Tsumuraya, and S. Masamune, J. Am. Chem, Soc., 112, 7077 (1990), in A. Morikawa, M. Kakimoto, and Y. Imai, Macromolecules, 24, 3469 (1991), and the like; polyfunctional aromatic rings, such as benzoic acids, such as 3,5-diacetoxybenzoic acid, as illustrated, for example, in B. I. Voit and S. R. Turner, in Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 184 (1992); hyperbranched polyphenylenes such as those described by Y. H. Kim and O. W. Webster, in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 4592 (1990), hyperbranched polyarylenes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,630 and 5,070,183 to E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and the like. The chemical functionality of the repeating unit in the interior layers can include, for example, amidoamines, such as amino-ethyl acetamide, imines, such as diethylene diimine, ethers such as those obtained from materials such as, for example, 3,5-dihydroxyethyl benzyl alcohol, siloxanes, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, diphenylsiloxane, and the like, carbosilanes, such as ethyl silane and the like. The terminal functionalities include, for example, amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylates, esters, amides, phosphates, sulfonates, and the like. The synthesis of dendrimers usually occurs by a linear, convergent, or divergent aproaches. The divergent approach involves the initial reaction of a monomer with the initiator core, followed by exhaustive reaction of the resulting functional groups with a difunctional compound, such as a diamine, including, for example, ethylene diamine, to afford the next generation of reactive amino groups. Repetition of the two-step procedure leads to subsequent generations. An alternate synthetic route uses a convergent growth synthesis as described in detail in C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Examples of dendrimers prepared by the divergent method include STARBURST® dendrimers available from the Michigan Molecular Institute, Dendrimer Microparticles available from Polysciences, Inc., in which the terminal functional groups are primary amino groups, and which range in average diameter of from about 10.8 Angstroms (first generation) to about 83.9 Angstroms (8th generation). Other dendrimers of interest, in embodiments, of the present invention include those as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,041,516; 4,857,599 and 4,694,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The dendrimers selected for the toner additives of the present invention are, for example, illustrated in the documents mentioned herein. Dendrimers are known, and can be considered radially symmetrical molecules of a STARBURST™ topology comprised of an initiator core, such as nitrogen, ethylenediimine, silicon, and the like, interior layers attached to the core and comprised of, for example, three, four or more arms, each arm being composed of repeating units with the number of repeating units in each arm being considered the generation of the dendrimer, and terminal covalently bonded stable free radical functional groups, such as for example a nitroxyl compound attached to the outermost generation, which dendrimers having related terminal amine terminated groups are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,507,466; 4,631,337; 4,558,120; 4,568,737 and 4,587,329; and in D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor, and W. A. Goddard III, Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl.,29, 138 (1990), the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The size and shape of the STARBURST™ dendrimer molecule and the functional groups present in the dendrimer molecule can be controlled by the choice of the initiator core, the number of generations, and the choice of repeating units employed at each generation. The choice of the dendrimer components can affect the properties of the dendrimers. The initiator core type can affect the dendrimer shape producing, for example, spheroid-shaped dendrimers, cylindrical- or rod-shaped dendrimers, or ellipsoid-shaped dendrimers. Sequential building of generations determines the dimensions of the dendrimers and the nature of its interior. Examples of core materials which have been successfully used include ammonia, polyfunctional alcohols, such as pentaerythritol or tris-(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-tris-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, polyfunctional amines, such as ethylene diamine, linear polyethyleneimines, and the like, carbosilanes such as tetravinylsilane as described, for example, in J. Roovers, P. M. Toporowski and L-L. Zhou, Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 182 (1992), and the like; polysiloxysilanes, such as those described, for example, in L. J. Mathias and T. W. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 4043 (1991), in H. Uchida, Y. Kabe, K. Yoshino, A. Kawamata, T. Tsumuraya, and S. Masamune, J. Am. Chem, Soc., 112, 7077 (1990), in A. Morikawa, M. Kakimoto, and Y. Imai, Macromolecules, 24, 3469 (1991), and the like; polyfunctional aromatic rings, such as benzoic acids, such as 3,5-diacetoxybenzoic acid, as illustrated, for example, in B. I. Voit and S. R. Turner, in Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 184 (1992); hyperbranched polyphenylenes such as those described by Y. H. Kim and O. W. Webster, in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 4592 (1990), hyperbranched polyarylenes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,630 and 5,070,183 to E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and the like. The chemical functionality of the repeating unit in the interior layers can include, for example, amidoamines, such as amino-ethyl acetamide, imines, such as diethylene diimine, ethers such as those obtained from materials such as, for example, 3,5-dihydroxyethyl benzyl alcohol, siloxanes, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, diphenylsiloxane, and the like, carbosilanes, such as ethyl silane and the like. The terminal functionalities include, for example, amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylates, esters, amides, phosphates, sulfonates, and the like. The synthesis of dendrimers usually occurs by a linear, convergent, or divergent aproaches. The divergent approach involves the initial reaction of a monomer with the initiator core, followed by exhaustive reaction of the resulting functional groups with a difunctional compound, such as a diamine, including, for example, ethylene diamine, to afford the next generation of reactive amino groups. Repetition of the two-step procedure leads to subsequent generations. An alternate synthetic route uses a convergent growth synthesis as described in detail in C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Examples of dendrimers prepared by the divergent method include STARBURST® dendrimers available from the Michigan Molecular Institute, Dendrimer Microparticles available from Polysciences, Inc., in which the terminal functional groups are primary amino groups, and which range in average diameter of from about 10.8 Angstroms (first generation) to about 83.9 Angstroms (8th generation). Other dendrimers of interest, in embodiments, of the present invention include those as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,041,516; 4,857,599 and 4,694,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: A mixture of 27.2 g (0.2 mole) of tetravinyl silane and 149.5 g (0.804 mole) diphenylphosphine was reacted in a quartz pressure tube at 200° C. with u.v. light initiation until most of the diphenyl phosphine was converted. The hot, molten reaction mixture was added to 720g of hot toluene with stirring. The tetraaduct product precipitated from the solution as a white crystalline solid. The mixture was allowed to coolto ambient temperature and then filtered with suction. After washing with toluene and drying in vacuo, 84 g (47.7%) of crude product was obtained. This was recrystallized from 1200 ml of xylene to obtain 69 g of the pure tetrakis-(diphenylphosphinoethyl) silane of mp. 198°-199° C. was reacted in a quartz pressure tube at 200° C. with u.v The tetraaduct product precipitated from the solution as a white crystalline solid to coolto ambient temperature filtered with suction After washing with toluene drying in vacuo 84 g (47.7%) of crude product was obtained This was recrystallized from 1200 ml of xylene

Conditions: temp:70.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To the 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a reflex condenser was charged 10.17 g of tetravinylsilane (75 mmol), 1 g of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (7.5 mmol) and 10 μL of platinum-divinylmethyldisiloxane (5% Pt). The mixture was stirred and heated at 70° C. until it turned light yellow. (Scheme 5). From this mixture, 0.88 g (29% yield) of 1,3-di-[2-(trivinylsilyl)ethyl]-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (7) was isolated by distillation at 115° C. and 0.1 mm Hg. 1H NMR 300 MHz, CDCl3 :δ 6.22** (AXY,JAX =18 Hz, JAY =2 Hz Z.Z H), 6.20** (AXY, JAX =18 Hz, JAY =2 Hz), 6.15 (AXY,JAX =18Hz, JAY =2 Hz), 6.12 (AXY,JAX =7 Hz, JAY =2 Hz), 6.11* (AXY, JAX =7 Hz, JAY =2 Hz), 6,08** (AXY,JAX =7 Hz, JAY =2 Hz), 6.07** (AXY,JAX =7 Hz, JAY =Hz), 5.82** (AXY,JAX =18 Hz, JAY =7 Hz), 5.80* (AXY,JAX =18 Hz, JAY =7 Hz), 5.79 (AXY,JAX =18 Hz, JAY =7 Hz), 5.76** (AXY,JAX =18 Hz, JAY =7 Hz), 5.75* (AXY,JAX =18 Hz, JAY =7 Hz), 1.09** (d, 0.1 H), 1.07* (d,1.5H), 0.67 (m 1.2H), 0.47 (m 1.2 (H), 0.12* (m, 0.1H), 0.08* (s, 1H), 0.06* (s, 1H), 0.05 (s, 5H). 13NMR 75 MHz, CDCl3 :δ 135.089*, (CH); 134,628, (CH); 134,4, (CH2); 10.137, (CH2); 6.869*, (CH); 4.21*, (CH 2); 4.131, (CH2); 1.347*, (CH3); -0.34, (CH3). 29Si NMR 99.4 MHz, CDCl3 with Cr(acac)3 δ-18.12, 8.00. IR (neat liquid on NaCl): cm-1 3180(w), 3050(s), 3010(m), 2960(s), 2910(m), 2880(m), 2790(w), 1610(m), 1400(s), 1250(s), 1130(s), 1050(s), 1010(s), 955(s), 840(s), 800(m), 770(s), 730(s), 625(W), 550(m), 525(m). C20H/38Si4O calc. C 59.04, H 9.41, Si 27.61, 0 3.96; found C 57.76, H 9.02. ##STR11## To the 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a reflex condenser

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The dendrimers of the present invention can be selected as toner additives, for example, as illustrated in the documents mentioned herein. Dendrimers are known, and can be considered radially symmetrical molecules of a STARBURST™ topology comprised of an initiator core, such as nitrogen, ethylenediimine, silicon, and the like, interior layers attached to the core and comprised of, for example, three, four or more arms, each arm being composed of repeating units with the number of repeating units in each arm being considered the generation of the dendrimer, and terminal covalently bonded stable free radical functional groups, such as a nitroxyl compound attached to the outermost generation, which dendrimers having related terminal amine terminated groups are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,507,466; 4,631,337; 4,558,120; 4,568,737 and 4,587,329; and in D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor, and W. A. Goddard III, Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl.,29, 138 (1990), the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The size and shape of the STARBURST™ dendrimer molecule and the functional groups present in the dendrimer molecule can be controlled by the choice of the initiator core, the number of generations, and the choice of repeating units employed at each generation. The choice of the dendrimer components can affect the properties of the dendrimers. The initiator core type can affect the dendrimer shape producing, for example, spheroid-shaped dendrimers, cylindrical- or rod-shaped dendrimers, or ellipsoid-shaped dendrimers. Sequential building of generations determines the dimensions Of the dendrimers and the nature of its interior. Examples of core materials which have been successfully used include polyfunctional alcohols, such as pentaerythritol or tris-(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-tris-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, polyfunctional amines, such as ethylene diamine, linear polyethyleneimines, and the like, carbosilanes such as tetravinylsilane as described, for example, in J. Roovers, P. M. Toporowski and L-L. Zhou, Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 182 (1992), and the like; polysiloxysilanes, such as those described, for example, in L. J. Mathias and T. W. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 4043 (1991), in H. Uchida, Y. Kabe, K. Yoshino, A. Kawamata, T. Tsumuraya, and S. Masamune, J. Am. Chem, Soc., 112, 7077 (1990), in A. Morikawa, M. Kakimoto, and Y. Imai, Macromolecules, 24, 3469 (1991), and the like; polyfunctional aromatic rings, such as benzoic acids, such as 3,5-diacetoxybenzoic acid, as illustrated, for example, in B. I. Voit and S. R. Turner, in Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 184 (1992); hyperbranched polyphenylenes such as those described by Y. H. Kim and O. W. Webster,. in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 4592 (1990), hyperbranched polyarylenes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,630 and 5,070,183 to E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and the like. The chemical functionality of the repeating unit in the interior layers can include, for example, amidoamines, such as amino-ethyl acetamide, imines, such as diethylene diimine, ethers such as those obtained from materials such as, for example, 3,5-dihydroxyethyl benzyl alcohol, siloxanes, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, diphenylsiloxane, and the like, carbosilanes, such as ethyl silane, and the like. The terminal functionalities include, for example, amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylates, esters, amides, phosphates, sulfonates, and the like. The synthesis of dendrimers usually occurs by a linear, convergent, or divergent aproaches. The divergent approach involves the initial reaction of a monomer with the initiator core, followed by exhaustive reaction of the resulting functional groups with a difunctional compound, such as a diamine, including, for example, ethylene diamine, to afford the next generation of reactive amino groups. Repetition of the two-step procedure leads to subsequent generations. An alternate synthetic route uses a convergent growth synthesis as described in detail in C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Examples of dendrimers prepared by the divergent method include STARBURST® dendrimers available from the Michigan Molecular Institute, and Dendrimer Microparticles available from Polysciences, Inc., in which the terminal functional groups are primary amino groups, and which range in average diameter of from about 10.8 Angstroms (first generation) to about 83.9 Angstroms (8th generation). Other dendrimers of interest, in embodiments, of the present invention include those as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,041,516; 4,857,599 and 4,694,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The dendrimers of the present invention can be selected as toner additives, for example, as illustrated in the documents mentioned herein. Dendrimers are known, and can be considered radially symmetrical molecules of a STARBURST™ topology comprised of an initiator core, such as nitrogen, ethylenediimine, silicon, and the like, interior layers attached to the core and comprised of, for example, three, four or more arms, each arm being composed of repeating units with the number of repeating units in each arm being considered the generation of the dendrimer, and terminal covalently bonded stable free radical functional groups, such as a nitroxyl compound attached to the outermost generation, which dendrimers having related terminal amine terminated groups are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,507,466; 4,631,337; 4,558,120; 4,568,737 and 4,587,329; and in D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor, and W. A. Goddard III, Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl.,29, 138 (1990), the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The size and shape of the STARBURST™ dendrimer molecule and the functional groups present in the dendrimer molecule can be controlled by the choice of the initiator core, the number of generations, and the choice of repeating units employed at each generation. The choice of the dendrimer components can affect the properties of the dendrimers. The initiator core type can affect the dendrimer shape producing, for example, spheroid-shaped dendrimers, cylindrical- or rod-shaped dendrimers, or ellipsoid-shaped dendrimers. Sequential building of generations determines the dimensions Of the dendrimers and the nature of its interior. Examples of core materials which have been successfully used include polyfunctional alcohols, such as pentaerythritol or tris-(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-tris-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, polyfunctional amines, such as ethylene diamine, linear polyethyleneimines, and the like, carbosilanes such as tetravinylsilane as described, for example, in J. Roovers, P. M. Toporowski and L-L. Zhou, Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 182 (1992), and the like; polysiloxysilanes, such as those described, for example, in L. J. Mathias and T. W. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 4043 (1991), in H. Uchida, Y. Kabe, K. Yoshino, A. Kawamata, T. Tsumuraya, and S. Masamune, J. Am. Chem, Soc., 112, 7077 (1990), in A. Morikawa, M. Kakimoto, and Y. Imai, Macromolecules, 24, 3469 (1991), and the like; polyfunctional aromatic rings, such as benzoic acids, such as 3,5-diacetoxybenzoic acid, as illustrated, for example, in B. I. Voit and S. R. Turner, in Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 184 (1992); hyperbranched polyphenylenes such as those described by Y. H. Kim and O. W. Webster,. in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 4592 (1990), hyperbranched polyarylenes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,630 and 5,070,183 to E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and the like. The chemical functionality of the repeating unit in the interior layers can include, for example, amidoamines, such as amino-ethyl acetamide, imines, such as diethylene diimine, ethers such as those obtained from materials such as, for example, 3,5-dihydroxyethyl benzyl alcohol, siloxanes, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, diphenylsiloxane, and the like, carbosilanes, such as ethyl silane, and the like. The terminal functionalities include, for example, amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylates, esters, amides, phosphates, sulfonates, and the like. The synthesis of dendrimers usually occurs by a linear, convergent, or divergent aproaches. The divergent approach involves the initial reaction of a monomer with the initiator core, followed by exhaustive reaction of the resulting functional groups with a difunctional compound, such as a diamine, including, for example, ethylene diamine, to afford the next generation of reactive amino groups. Repetition of the two-step procedure leads to subsequent generations. An alternate synthetic route uses a convergent growth synthesis as described in detail in C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Examples of dendrimers prepared by the divergent method include STARBURST® dendrimers available from the Michigan Molecular Institute, and Dendrimer Microparticles available from Polysciences, Inc., in which the terminal functional groups are primary amino groups, and which range in average diameter of from about 10.8 Angstroms (first generation) to about 83.9 Angstroms (8th generation). Other dendrimers of interest, in embodiments, of the present invention include those as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,041,516; 4,857,599 and 4,694,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

Conditions: temp:70.01; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: To the 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a reflex condenser was charged 10.17 g of tetravinylsilane (75 mmol), 1 g of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (7.5 mmol) and 10 μL of platinumdivinylmethyldisiloxane (5% Pt). The mixture was stirred and heated at 70° C. until it turned light yellow. (Scheme 5) . From this mixture, 0.88 g (29% yield) of 1,3 -di- [2 - (trivinylsilyl)ethyl ]-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (7) was isolated by distillation at 115° C and 0.1 nun Hg. 1H NMR 300 MHz, CDCl3 :δ6 6.22** (AXY,JAX =18 Hz, JAY =2 HZ, Z.Z H) , 6.20** (AXY, JAX =18 HZ, JAY =2 HZ), 6.15 (AXY,JAX =18HZ, JAY =2 HZ), 6.12 (AXY,JAX =7 HZ, JAY =2 HZ), 6.11(AXY, JAX = 7 HZ, JAY =2 Hz), 6,08* (AXY,JAX =7 Hz, JAY =2 Hz), 6.07** (AXY,JAX =7HZ,JAY=HZ), 5.82** (AXY,JAX =18 HZ, JAY =7 Hz), 5.80* (AXY,JAX =18 HZ, JAY =7 HZ), 5.79 (AXY,JAX =18 Hz, JAY =7 HZ), 5.76** (AXY,JAX =18 Hz, JAY=7HZ), 5.75* (AXY,JAX=18 Hz, JAY=7 Hz), 1.09* (d, 0.1 H), 1.07(d,l.5 H), 0.67 (m 1.2 H), 0.47 (m 1.2 (H), 0.12, (m, 0.1 H), 0.08, (s, 1H), 0.06, (s, 1 H) , 0.05 (s, 5 H) . 13C NMR 75 MHz, CDCl3 : δ135.089,, (CH); 134,628, (CH); 134,4, (CH2); 10.137, (CH 2); 6.869,, (CH); 4.21,, (CH2); 4.131, (CH2); 1.347,, (CH3); -0.34, (CH3) . 29Si NMR 99.4 MHz, CDCl3 with Cr (acac)3 δ-18.12, 8.00. IR (neat liquid on NaC1): cm-1 3180 (w) , 3050 (s) , 3010 (m) , 2960(s) , 2910(m) , 2880(m) , 2790(w) , 1610(m) , 1400(s) , 1250(s), 1130(s), 1050(s), 1010(s), 955(s), 840(s), 800(m), 770(s) , 730(s) , 625(w) , 550(m) , 525(m). C20H/38Si4O calc. C 59.04, H 9.41, Si 27.61, 0 3.96; found C 57.76, H 9.02. ##STR11## To the 25 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a reflex condenser

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The dendrimers selected for the toner additives of the present invention are, for example, illustrated in the documents mentioned herein. Dendrimers are known, and can be considered radially symmetrical molecules of a STARBURST™ topology comprised of an initiator core, such as nitrogen, ethylenediimine, silicon, and the like, interior layers attached to the core and comprised of, for example, three, four or more arms, each arm being composed of repeating units with the number of repeating units in each arm being considered the generation of the dendrimer, and terminal covalently bonded stable free radical functional groups, such as for example a nitroxyl compound attached to the outermost generation, which dendrimers having related terminal amine terminated groups are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,507,466; 4,631,337; 4,558,120; 4,568,737 and 4,587,329; and in D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor, and W. A. Goddard III, Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl., 29, 138 (1990), the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The size and shape of the STARBURST™ dendrimer molecule and the functional groups present in the dendrimer molecule can be controlled by the choice of the initiator core, the number of generations, and the choice of repeating units employed at each generation. The choice of the dendrimer components can affect the properties of the dendrimers. The initiator core type can affect the dendrimer shape producing, for example, spheroid-shaped dendrimers, cylindrical- or rod-shaped dendrimers, or ellipsoid-shaped dendrimers. Sequential building of generations determines the dimensions of the dendrimers and the nature of its interior. Examples of core materials which have been successfully used include ammonia, polyfunctional alcohols, such as pentaerythritol or tris-(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-tris-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, polyfunctional amines, such as ethylene diamine, linear polyethyleneimines, and the like, carbosilanes such as tetravinylsilane as described, for example, in J. Roovers, P. M. Toporowski and L-L. Zhou, Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 182 (1992), and the like; polysiloxysilanes, such as those described, for example, in L. J. Mathias and T. W. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 4043 (1991), in H. Uchida, Y. Kabe, K. Yoshino, A. Kawamata, T. Tsumuraya, and S. Masamune, J. Am. Chem, Soc., 112, 7077 (1990), in A. Morikawa, M. Kakimoto, and Y. Imai, Macromolecules, 24, 3469 (1991), and the like; polyfunctional aromatic rings, such as benzoic acids, such as 3,5-diacetoxybenzoic acid, as illustrated, for example, in B. I. Voit and S. R. Turner, in Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 184 (1992); hyperbranched polyphenylenes such as those described by Y. H. Kim and O. W. Webster, in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 4592 (1990), hyperbranched polyarylenes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,630 and 5,070,183 to E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and the like. The chemical functionality of the repeating unit in the interior layers can include, for example, amidoamines, such as amino-ethyl acetamide, imines, such as diethylene diimine, ethers such as those obtained from materials such as, for example, 3,5-dihydroxyethyl benzyl alcohol, siloxanes, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, diphenylsiloxane, and the like, carbosilanes, such as ethyl silane and the like. The terminal functionalities include, for example, amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylates, esters, amides, phosphates, sulfonates, and the like. The synthesis of dendrimers usually occurs by a linear, convergent, or divergent aproaches. The divergent approach involves the initial reaction of a monomer with the initiator core, followed by exhaustive reaction of the resulting functional groups with a difunctional compound, such as a diamine, including, for example, ethylene diamine, to afford the next generation of reactive amino groups. Repetition of the two-step procedure leads to subsequent generations. An alternate synthetic route uses a convergent growth synthesis as described in detail in C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Examples of dendrimers prepared by the divergent method include STARBURST™ dendrimers available from the Michigan Molecular Institute, Dendrimer Microparticles available from Polysciences, Inc., in which the terminal functional groups are primary amino groups, and which range in average diameter of from about 10.8 Angstroms (first generation) to about 83.9 Angstroms (8th generation). Other dendrimers of interest, in embodiments, of the present invention include those as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,041,516; 4,857,599 and 4,694,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The dendrimers selected for the toners of the present invention are, for example, illustrated in the documents mentioned herein. Dendrimers are known, and can be considered radially symmetrical molecules of a STARBURST™ topology comprised of an initiator core, such as nitrogen, ethylenediimine, silicon, and the like, interior layers attached to the core and comprised of, for example, three or four arms, each arm being composed of repeating units with the number of repeating units in each arm being considered the generation of the dendrimer, and terminal functional groups functionality, such as for example a primary amine attached to the outermost generation, which dendrimers are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,507,466; 4,631,337; 4,558,120; 4,568,737 and 4,587,329; and in D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor, and W. A. Goddard III, Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl. 29, 138 (1990), the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The size and shape of the STARBURST™ dendrimer molecule and the functional groups present in the dendrimer molecule can be controlled by the choice of the initiator core, the number of generations, and the choice of repeating units employed at each generation. The choice of the dendrimer components can affect the properties of the dendrimers. The initiator core type can affect the dendrimer shape producing, for example, spheroid-shaped dendrimers, cylindrical- or rod-shaped dendrimers, or ellipsoid-shaped dendrimers. Sequential building of generations determines the dimensions of the dendrimers and the nature of its interior. Examples of suitable core materials include ammonia, polyfunctional alcohols, such as pentaerythritol or tris-(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-tris-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, polyfunctional amines, such as ethylene diamine, linear polyethyleneimines, and the like, carbosilanes such as tetravinylsilane as described, for example, in J. Roovers, P. M. Toporowski and L-L. Zhou, Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 182 (1992), and the like; polysiloxysilanes, such as those described, for example, in L. J. Mathias and T. W. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 4043 (1991), in H. Uchida, Y. Kabe, K. Yoshino, A. Kawamata, T. Tsumuraya, and S. Masamune, J. Am. Chem, Soc. 112, 7077 (1990), in A. Morikawa, M. Kakimoto, and Y. Imai, Macromolecules, 24, 3469 (1991), and the like; polyfunctional aromatic rings, such as benzoic acids, such as 3,5-diacetoxybenzoic acid, as illustrated, for example, in B. I. Voit and S. R. Turner, in Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 184 (1992); hyperbranched polyphenylenes such as those described by Y. H. Kim and O. W. Webster, in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 4592 (1990), hyperbranched polyarylenes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,630 and 5,070,183 to E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and the like. The chemical functionality of the repeating unit in the interior layers can include, for example, amidoamines, such as amino-ethyl acetamide, imines, such as diethylene diimine, ethers such as those obtained from materials such as, for example, 3,5-dihydroxyethyl benzyl alcohol, siloxanes, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, diphenylsiloxane, and the like, carbosilanes, such as ethyl silane and the like. The terminal functionalities include, for example, amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylates, esters, amides, phosphates, sulfonates, and the like. The synthesis of dendrimers usually occurs by a divergent approach that involves the initial reaction of a monomer with the initiator core, followed by exhaustive reaction of the resulting functional groups with a difunctional compound, such as a diamine, including, for example, ethylene diamine, to afford the next generation of reactive amino groups. Repetition of the two-step procedure leads to subsequent generations. An alternate synthetic route uses a convergent growth synthesis as described in detail in C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Examples of dendrimers prepared by the divergent method include STARBURST® dendrimers available from the Michigan Molecular Institute, Dendrimer Microparticles available from Polysciences, Inc., in which the terminal functional groups are primary amino groups, and which range in average diameter of from about 10.8 Angstroms (first generation) to about 83.9 Angstroms (8th generation). Other dendrimers that may be selected in embodiments of the present invention include those as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,041,516; 4,857,599 and 4,694,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

Conditions: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

Procedure: The dendrimers of the present invention can be selected as toner additives, for example, as illustrated in the documents mentioned herein. Dendrimers are known, and can be considered radially symmetrical molecules of a STARBURST™ topology comprised of an initiator core, such as nitrogen, ethylenediimine, silicon, and the like, interior layers attached to the core and comprised of, for example, three, four or more arms, each arm being composed of repeating units with the number of repeating units in each arm being considered the generation of the dendrimer, and terminal covalently bonded stable free radical functional groups, such as a nitroxyl compound attached to the outermost generation, which dendrimers having related terminal amine terminated groups are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,507,466; 4,631,337; 4,558,120; 4,568,737 and 4,587,329; and in D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor, and W. A. Goddard III, Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl.,29, 138 (1990), the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The size and shape of the STARBURST™ dendrimer molecule and the functional groups present in the dendrimer molecule can be controlled by the choice of the initiator core, the number of generations, and the choice of repeating units employed at each generation. The choice of the dendrimer components can affect the properties of the dendrimers. The initiator core type can affect the dendrimer shape producing, for example, spheroid-shaped dendrimers, cylindrical- or rod-shaped dendrimers, or ellipsoid-shaped dendrimers. Sequential building of generations determines the dimensions Of the dendrimers and the nature of its interior. Examples of core materials which have been successfully used include polyfunctional alcohols, such as pentaerythritol or tris-(hydroxymethyl)ethane, 1,1,1-tris-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, polyfunctional amines, such as ethylene diamine, linear polyethyleneimines, and the like, carbosilanes such as tetravinylsilane as described, for example, in J. Roovers, P. M. Toporowski and L-L. Zhou, Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 182 (1992), and the like; polysiloxysilanes, such as those described, for example, in L. J. Mathias and T. W. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 4043 (1991), in H. Uchida, Y. Kabe, K. Yoshino, A. Kawamata, T. Tsumuraya, and S. Masamune, J. Am. Chem, Soc., 112, 7077 (1990), in A. Morikawa, M. Kakimoto, and Y. Imai, Macromolecules, 24, 3469 (1991), and the like; polyfunctional aromatic rings, such as benzoic acids, such as 3,5-diacetoxybenzoic acid, as illustrated, for example, in B. I. Voit and S. R. Turner, in Polymer Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, 33, (1), 184 (1992); hyperbranched polyphenylenes such as those described by Y. H. Kim and O. W. Webster,. in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 4592 (1990), hyperbranched polyarylenes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,630 and 5,070,183 to E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and the like. The chemical functionality of the repeating unit in the interior layers can include, for example, amidoamines, such as amino-ethyl acetamide, imines, such as diethylene diimine, ethers such as those obtained from materials such as, for example, 3,5-dihydroxyethyl benzyl alcohol, siloxanes, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, diphenylsiloxane, and the like, carbosilanes, such as ethyl silane, and the like. The terminal functionalities include, for example, amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylates, esters, amides, phosphates, sulfonates, and the like. The synthesis of dendrimers usually occurs by a linear, convergent, or divergent aproaches. The divergent approach involves the initial reaction of a monomer with the initiator core, followed by exhaustive reaction of the resulting functional groups with a difunctional compound, such as a diamine, including, for example, ethylene diamine, to afford the next generation of reactive amino groups. Repetition of the two-step procedure leads to subsequent generations. An alternate synthetic route uses a convergent growth synthesis as described in detail in C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Examples of dendrimers prepared by the divergent method include STARBURST® dendrimers available from the Michigan Molecular Institute, and Dendrimer Microparticles available from Polysciences, Inc., in which the terminal functional groups are primary amino groups, and which range in average diameter of from about 10.8 Angstroms (first generation) to about 83.9 Angstroms (8th generation). Other dendrimers of interest, in embodiments, of the present invention include those as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,041,516; 4,857,599 and 4,694,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.